ABSTRACT
The Common Achievement Test (CAT) in Japan, which will be implemented in 2005, involves a medical interview that is the core task to be completed by students during an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Standardized/Simulated Patient instructors (SPs), posing as patients in medical interviews, are trained in standard fashion in terms of expression of symptoms as well as the emotional affect of actual patients. Institution of appropriate training programs for SP instructors in the CAT is also necessary. We trained seven individuals to function as standardized patients (in-school SPs) during a three-day SP training program described in this article. Following completion of the OSCE, we conducted a comparison study among evaluations completed by the evaluators and two types of SP instructors. We observed high correlation, according to Spearman significance testing, between scores of evaluators and those of both newly trained in-school SPs and veteran SPs who had more than five years of experience. Correlation coefficients between the veteran SPs (r=0.77) and the in-school SPs (r=0.73) were nearly identical. These results suggest that our training program for SP instructors is an effective protocol, particularly with respect to reliability and efficiency.
Subject(s)
Clinical Competence , Educational Measurement/methods , Patient Simulation , Teaching/methods , Communication , Dentist-Patient Relations , Female , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Japan , Licensure, Dental , Male , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the author, Dr. Kimihito Yagami. Dr. Yagami's collaborators Yohei Uyama, Yasumasa Yoshizawa, Saburo Kakuta, Akira Yamaguchi, Masao Nagumo were not involved in the RT-PCR experiments and figure preparation The editor, Sundeep Khosla, was notified by an independent group that specific bands in Figure 3 of the paper appear to be duplicated. This was brought to the attention of the authors. Due to the long interval from the original publication of the paper, the raw data was not available; however, the authors subsequently chose to retract the entire manuscript, and the editor agreed.
Subject(s)
Adipocytes/cytology , Cell Differentiation , Chondrocytes/cytology , Osteoblasts/cytology , Adipocytes/drug effects , Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Animals , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Chondrocytes/drug effects , Diffusion , Humans , Mesoderm/cytology , Mesoderm/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Nude , Neoplasm Transplantation , Osteoblasts/drug effects , Osteocalcin/genetics , Osteocalcin/metabolism , Peritoneal Cavity , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We examined osteo-chondrogenic differentiation of a human chondrocytic cell line (USAC) by rhBMP-2 in vivo and in vitro. USAC was established from a transplanted tumor to athymic mouse derived from an osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible. USAC usually shows chondrocytic phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. rhBMP-2 up-regulated not only the mRNA expression of types II and X collagen, but also the mRNA expression of osteocalcin and Cbfa1 in USAC cells in vitro. In vivo experimental cartilaginous tissue formation was prominent in the chamber with rhBMP-2 when compared with the chamber without rhBMP-2. USAC cells implanted with rhBMP-2 often formed osteoid-like tissues surrounded by osteoblastic cells positive for type I collagen. rhBMP up-regulated Ihh, and the expression of Ihh was well correlated with osteo-chondrogenic cell differentiation. These results suggest that rhBMP-2 promotes chondrogenesis and also induces osteogenic differentiation of USAC cells in vivo and in vitro through up-regulation of Ihh.
Subject(s)
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Chondrocytes/cytology , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta , Animals , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/physiology , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Division/drug effects , Cell Line , Chondrocytes/drug effects , Chondrocytes/metabolism , Chondrogenesis/physiology , Collagen Type II/drug effects , Collagen Type II/genetics , Collagen Type II/metabolism , Collagen Type X/drug effects , Collagen Type X/genetics , Collagen Type X/metabolism , Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit , Hedgehog Proteins , Humans , Mice , Neoplasm Proteins/drug effects , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Osteoblasts/cytology , Osteoblasts/physiology , Osteocalcin/drug effects , Osteocalcin/genetics , Osteocalcin/metabolism , Osteogenesis/physiology , RNA, Messenger/drug effects , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Trans-Activators/drug effects , Transcription Factors/drug effects , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To understand bone metabolism during senescence, we examined age-related change in nitric oxide (NO) production from bone marrow cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: We evaluated the age-related change in the NO production and expression of iNOS protein and mRNA of LPS-stimulated bone marrow cells collected from the tibiae of young and retired female and young and retired male rats. In addition, we used flow cytometry to assess changes in the distribution of CD14, a cell surface receptor of LPS. RESULTS: The results revealed that NO production from bone marrow cells stimulated with LPS changed with aging. The NO levels in old rats were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in young rats. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that the LPS-induced expression of iNOS mRNA was augmented in retired rats. Although the distribution pattern of the bone marrow cells was similar between young and retired rats, the percentage of CD14-positive cells in specific populations differed between the age groups. Specifically, in the granule-containing bone marrow cells, the percentage of CD14-positive cells was increased in retired rats. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that LPS-stimulated NO production from rat bone marrow cells increased with age and that the difference in responsiveness might be due to changes in the percentage of CD14-positive cells in the bone marrow.
Subject(s)
Aging , Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism , Bone Resorption , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Animals , Cells, Cultured , DNA Primers , Female , Flow Cytometry , Lipopolysaccharides , Male , Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chondrocytes produce various extracellular matrices during chondrogenesis. Fibronectin and proteoglycan are major extracellular matrix proteins in cartilage tissue, but the interactions between them are not clear. METHODS: Recently, we succeeded in establishing a cell line (USAC) with phenotypes of chondrocytes from a human osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible. Using this cell line, cell adhesion to fibronectin, the effect of proteoglycan on the cell adhesion and expression of integrin alpha5beta1 were investigated. RESULTS: Cells immediately adhered to fibronectin and then spread. Proteoglycan inhibited cell adhesion to fibronectin dose-dependently, whereas collagen did not. The expression of both mRNAs of alpha5 and beta1 subunits was detected 12 h after treatment with proteoglycan, but the expression of beta1 subunit mRNA had diminished by 24 h after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that proteoglycan might modulate signal transduction from fibronectin by decreasing the expression of alpha5beta1 integrin.
