[Selective effect of the duration of the critical temperature period on some allozyme loci of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae)].

Genetic structure of juvenile fish from the populations of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar inhabiting the rivers of Murmansk oblast, Arkhangelsk oblast, and Karelia, as well as of juveniles from hatcheries was examined at five allozymic loci: aspartate aminotransferase (AAT-4*), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHP-3*), iditol dehydrogenase (IDDH-2*), esterase D (ESTD*), and malic enzyme (MEP-2*). High genetic differentiation of both natural and "hatchery" juvenile fish was revealed. It was demonstrated that the gene pool of juveniles at three of the five loci tested was to a considerable degree formed by natural selection. In this case, the role of limiting factor was played by the duration of critical temperature regime in the rivers. The differentiation factors for juveniles from nature were not established, however, their clusterization pattern pointed to a possible role of natural selection in this process.

[Hordein polymorphism in barley varieties fom North Africa]. / Polimorfizm gordeinov u iachmenei Severnoi Afriki.

Using starch gel electrophoresis, we examined polymorphism of hordein encoded by loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd F in 77 accessions of local barley varieties from North African countries (9 from Marocco, 22 from Algeria, 7 from Tunisia, and 39 from Egypt). For loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd F, respectively 35, 43, and 5 alleles were found. The existence of families of blocks of hordein components encoded by Hrd A and Hrd B was demonstrated. The estimation of genetic distances and cluster analysis showed similarity of barley populations from different North African countries with regard to alleles of the hordein-coding loci. We suggest that polymorphism at the hordein-coding loci in the populations examined has been mainly formed beyond North Africa, where barley has been repeatedly introduced. Apparently, the examined populations from Ethiopia and Egypt are not directly associated.

[Uniformity of distributing alleleic variants of three hordein-coding loci of spring barley in the Russian Federation]. / Zakonomernosti raspedeleniia allel'nykh variantov trekh gordein-kodiruiushchikh lokusov iarovogo iachmenia na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

The distribution of alleles of the hordein-coding loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd F was investigated in 101 spring barley cutivars grown in 12 regions of Russia in 1999. It was demonstrated that the genetic structure of populations of these cutivars in the regions studied was affected by climatic factors, such as the average June temperature and average annual precipitation. The distribution patterns of the Hrd alleles in 25 agricultural provinces of the former Soviet Union and 12 regions of Russia were compared. The factor structure of genetic variability in the regions of barley cultivation in the former Soviet Union was found to differ from that in Russia. The change of the factor structure is likely to be related to diminishing the barley-production area under study and to the new administrative subdivision.

Geographic variation of six allozyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster: an analysis of data from different continents.

Based on data from 70 literature sources, the frequencies of common alleles at six allozyme loci were examined in Drosophila melanogaster populations from five geographic regions: North America (including Central America), South America, Europe-Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The analyzed loci were Adh, Odh, Gpdh, G6pd, Pgd, and Est-6, which have been previously reported by other authors to show latitudinal variation in North America, Eurasia and Australasia. We found five parallel latitudinal clines for AdhF and three clines for GpdhS in five geographic regions as well as four clines for G6pdF, three clines for Est-6S, and two clines for OdhF and PgdF in four regions (data from South America for G6pd, Odh, Est-6, and Pgd were not available). Such pattern of variation confirmed the possibility that considered allozyme polymorphisms are maintained by climatic selection. Significant differentiation of mean allele frequencies among geographic regions was in agreement with current evidence on history of D. melanogaster worldwide dispersion.

[The genetic consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The monitoring of congenital developmental defects in newborn infants in Kaluga Province]. / Geneticheskie posledstviiia Chernobyl'skoi avarii. Monitoring vrozhdennykh porokov razvitiia novorozhdennykh v Kaluzhskoi oblasti.

The study concentrates on the genetic after-effects of the Chernobyl accident in some districts of Kaluga Province. The frequencies and range of congenital malformations, prematurely death-rate in the radionuclear polluted districts were compared with the control districts. Prematurely death-rate in compared regions is the same. The increase of the congenital malformation frequency is revealed in one the polluted districts (256/10,000) as compared with the control one (27/10,000). We assume that the observed effect is mainly connected with the professional activity of the population.

[Investigation of the distribution of haptoglobin genotypes in human populations]. / Izuchenie raspredeleniia genotipov gaptoglobina v populiatsiiakh cheloveka.

Distribution of haptoglobin genotypes in a number of population specimens of the main World regions is studied. New statistics permitting to reveal deviation from the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium and its direction (towards either deficiency or excess of heterozygotes) are proposed. S-statistics, based on the model of selection against homozygotes, can be used for quantitative estimation of the deviation. In this way, statistically significant excess of heterozygotes was found in European, North Asia and North American populations. In some areas, the coefficient of selection (S-statistics) is about 10%. Additional data which reflect different adaptive values of haptoglobin genotypes permit to suppose that the existence of haptoglobin polymorphism is provided by both higher fertility and lower viability of homozygotes Hp 2-2.

[Population structure and the anthropogenetic traits of Shortzy in the Mras-Su River basin]. / Populiatsionnaia struktura i antropogeneticheskie priznaki shortsev basseina reki Mrassu.

Demographic and phenotypic study of a population of Shortzy living along the Mras-Su River and in the Abakan River valley was carried out. The results of population genetic analysis of certain monogenic characters (AB0, PTC) as well as some dermatoglyphic traits and qualitative anthropometric traits are presented. The population was shown to be isolated. The level of gene flow in the population from the outside regions is equal to about 3-6%. The structure of the mountain Shortzy population was shown to approach the "stepping-stone" type. Considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of the traits in question was revealed. The similarity measures in the distribution of the values of three groups of traits were shown to be related to the extent of gene flow between subpopulations. Based on this analysis, two assumptions on the possible origins of the Shortzy population which had migrated from the mountains to the Abakan River valley about 250 years ago are formulated. Most probably, the modern phenotype of this group of Shortzy reflects the influence of other ethnic groups.

[Stabilizing selection in neonates for 2 weight-growth traits]. / Stabiliziruiushchii otbor u novorozhdennykh po dvum rostovesovym priznakam.

This study deals with the analysis of body weight and length augmentation in the group of newborns survived and died during the prenatal period. The effect of stabilizing selection for these characters was demonstrated. The analysis of dependence of the innate characters on the order number of pregnancy and parturition is accomplished. The advantages of the use of generalized characters of variability for revealing the stabilizing selection and of the possibility of using anthropometric characters of newborns in view of genetic monitoring are discussed.

[Migration as a factor in the genetic heterogeneity of the population of large cities]. / Migratsiia kak faktor geneticheskoi neodnorodnosti naseleniia bol'shikh gorodov.

The report deals with the influence of migration on genetic heterogeneity of population of big cities. The study of AB0 blood groups frequency distribution in population of Moscow during the period of 50 years shows that the observed genetic heterogeneity is associated with demographic structure of the groups compared. Besides, the evaluation of genetic identity of Moscow population and that of different Russian regions population is related to the migrants part having come to Moscow from these regions.