Early preferential stimulation of gamma delta T cells by TNF-alpha.

Although recent findings indicate that gamma delta T cells influence both early innate and Ag-specific adaptive host responses, it has remained unclear what triggers gamma delta T cell reactivity. Investigating very early T cell activation in mouse and human models of bacterial infection, we measured CD69 expression as an indicator of early cellular activation. Both murine alpha beta and gamma delta T cells responded polyclonally to systemic bacterial infections, and to LPS. However, gamma delta T cells responded more strongly to the bacteria and to LPS. In vitro LPS-stimulated human T cells showed a similar differential response pattern. We identified TNF-alpha as mediator of the early differential T cell activation, and of differential proliferative responses. The stronger response of gamma delta T cells to TNF-alpha was correlated with higher inducible expression levels of TNF-Rp75. Among unstimulated splenocytes, more gamma delta T cells than alpha beta T cells expressed CD44 at high levels. The data suggest that TNF-Rp75 determines the differential T cell reactivity, and that most gamma delta T cells in the normal spleen are present in a presensitized state. As TNF-alpha stimulates activated T cells, it may early preferentially connect gamma delta T cell functions with those of cells that produce this cytokine, including activated innate effector cells and Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes.

Allelic differences in TCR gamma-chains alter gamma delta T cell antigen reactivity.

Mouse gamma delta T cell hybridomas from various strains that express a TCR-V gamma 1/V delta 6 respond weakly to an autologous Ag and more strongly to a short segment of the mycobacterial heat shock protein-60 (HSP-60). However, V gamma 1/V delta 6 hybridomas derived from AKR mice show greatly reduced or absent responses to these stimuli. To determine whether the lack of response in these AKR hybridomas is caused by polymorphisms found in the expressed AKR gamma and TCR-delta genes or, instead, stems from other genes in AKR, we crossed an AKR mouse with a responder mouse, C57BL/10 (B10), and prepared hybridomas from F1 progeny. Expression of an AKR V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 gene correlated with nonresponsiveness, whereas expression of a B10 V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 gene in most hybridomas ensured responses to both self Ag and the HSP-60 peptide. An allelic difference in the expressed V gamma 6 gene was irrelevant to these responses. Moreover, transfection of a functional B10 V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 gene into an F1 hybridoma variant that had lost the AKR version of this gene restored responses. The allelic gamma gene products differ at nine amino acids in the V region, and three amino acids in the C region. In addition, the AKR C gamma 4 region contains a 16-amino acid insertion. We propose that amino acid differences among those encoded by the AKR V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 gene are responsible for the lack of response, and reduce the ability of the TCR-gamma delta to bind the relevant Ag.

Structural requirements for peptides that stimulate a subset of gamma delta T cells.

Hybridomas representing the V gamma 1-positive subset of murine gamma delta T cells secrete lymphokines in response to synthetic peptides representing a short segment of the mycobacterial 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP-60). Here we show the TCR dependency of this response by transfection of productively rearranged TCR genes derived from an HSP-60 reactive gamma delta T cell hybridoma. We also have defined structural requirements for the stimulatory peptide. The smallest HSP-60 peptide capable of stimulating these hybridomas is seven amino acids long, representing positions 181-187, and having the sequence FGLQLEL. Amino acid-substituted derivatives of this peptide, and another containing the same core, p180-190, revealed amino acids essential for stimulatory activity. Phenylalanine in position 181 and leucine in position 183 seem to be required for stimulation of all HSP-60 reactive cells, whereas others are only required by some. Clonal differences in the responses to these peptides provide indirect evidence for cognate TCR-peptide interactions. The smallest stimulatory peptide, p181-187, represents an area not well conserved among HSP-60 molecules of other species, and stimulates a mycobacteria-specific response unlike the earlier observed cross-reactive responses of the same hybridomas with longer HSP-60 peptides derived from mycobacteria and other species (our manuscript in preparation). We propose that the TCR-dependent multiclonal gamma delta T cell response to HSP-60 peptides and derivatives, which in some ways resembles superantigen responses and in other ways resembles responses to conventional Ag, may be a separate, third type of Ag response by T cells.

Evidence that murine V gamma 5 and V gamma 6 gamma delta-TCR+ lymphocytes are derived from a common distinct lineage.

Murine V gamma 5 and V gamma 6+ T lymphocytes develop sequentially in the thymus during fetal and newborn life, giving rise to intraepithelial lymphocytes of the epidermis and female reproductive tract. In analyzing a panel of gamma delta T cell hybridomas derived from various tissues, we found that all V gamma 6+ cells tested (n = 25) expressed V gamma 5-C gamma 1 mRNA, whereas none of a panel of V gamma 6- cells analyzed (n = 33) expressed this mRNA. V gamma 6 mRNA was rare in V gamma 5+ cells (1 of 9), and absent in all other gamma delta T cells (n = 10). These findings suggest that most, if not all, V gamma 6-TCR+ lymphocytes arise from precursor cells that have previously rearranged the V gamma 5 gene, and indicate that V gamma 5 and V gamma 6+ lymphocytes belong to a common, distinct lineage that does not give rise to other gamma delta T cells.