Artificial Intelligence: Guidance for clinical imaging and therapeutic radiography professionals, a summary by the Society of Radiographers AI working group.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) has started to be increasingly adopted in medical imaging and radiotherapy clinical practice, however research, education and partnerships have not really caught up yet to facilitate a safe and effective transition. The aim of the document is to provide baseline guidance for radiographers working in the field of AI in education, research, clinical practice and stakeholder partnerships. The guideline is intended for use by the multi-professional clinical imaging and radiotherapy teams, including all staff, volunteers, students and learners. METHODS: The format mirrored similar publications from other SCoR working groups in the past. The recommendations have been subject to a rapid period of peer, professional and patient assessment and review. Feedback was sought from a range of SoR members and advisory groups, as well as from the SoR director of professional policy, as well as from external experts. Amendments were then made in line with feedback received and a final consensus was reached. RESULTS: AI is an innovative tool radiographers will need to engage with to ensure a safe and efficient clinical service in imaging and radiotherapy. Educational provisions will need to be proportionately adjusted by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to offer the necessary knowledge, skills and competences for diagnostic and therapeutic radiographers, to enable them to navigate a future where AI will be central to patient diagnosis and treatment pathways. Radiography-led research in AI should address key clinical challenges and enable radiographers co-design, implement and validate AI solutions. Partnerships are key in ensuring the contribution of radiographers is integrated into healthcare AI ecosystems for the benefit of the patients and service users. CONCLUSION: Radiography is starting to work towards a future with AI-enabled healthcare. This guidance offers some recommendations for different areas of radiography practice. There is a need to update our educational curricula, rethink our research priorities, forge new strong clinical-academic-industry partnerships to optimise clinical practice. Specific recommendations in relation to clinical practice, education, research and the forging of partnerships with key stakeholders are discussed, with potential impact on policy and practice in all these domains. These recommendations aim to serve as baseline guidance for UK radiographers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This review offers the most up-to-date recommendations for clinical practitioners, researchers, academics and service users of clinical imaging and therapeutic radiography services. Radiography practice, education and research must gradually adjust to AI-enabled healthcare systems to ensure gains of AI technologies are maximised and challenges and risks are minimised. This guidance will need to be updated regularly given the fast-changing pace of AI development and innovation.

Chemotaxis in experimental syphilis.

Peritoneal exudate leukocytes from normal and Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits were examined for their chemotactic response to various chemoattractants and treponemal preparations. Leukocytes from normal and infected animals responded well to bacterial and serum-derived chemoattractants. Suspensions of washed Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter but not T. pallidum exerted significant chemotactic activity. Cells from rabbits infected for greater than or equal to 7 days demonstrated increased locomotion, suggesting the possibility of increased random motility.

Attempt to infect the nine-banded armadillo with Treponema pallidum.

10 nine-banded armadillos were infected by various routes with Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain. The animals did not demonstrate visible lesions but 4/7 animals responded with increasing titers of treponemal antibodies. Cardiolipin antibodies were not detected.

Fluorescent antibody technic used for identification and typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A fluorescent antibody technic (FAT) has been developed for identification and typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The technic was first compared with the Neufeld test (NT) using polyvalent antiserum and isolates identified as S. pneumoniae. Of 197 isolates, 191 (97%) were positive by both technic, and six strains (3%) were negative by both methods. Both tests were also used for determination of pneumococcal types agreed in 23 of 25 tests (92%) but the Neufeld test gave false results in 2 of 25 determinations (8%). The polyvalent antiserum was used to examine by FAT direct films obtained from various specimens and the results were compared with Gram stain and cultures. Of 198 direct films in which gram-positive cocci resembling pneumococci were found, 154 were positive by FAT and 130 were positive by culture. FAT appears to be more reliable than Gram stain or culture. During a four-year period, isolated strains of pneumococci were typed by FAT and the results compared. A slight change in the incidence of the pneumococcal types was observed. Although the Neufeld test is simpler, FAT is easier to read and is a more reliable method if identifying pneumococci, especially in body fluids where the number of microorganisms might be limited. Also, FAT is a more reliable procedure in typing strains.