ABSTRACT
Perovskite solar cells have shown a rapid increase of performance and overcome the threshold of 20% power conversion efficiency (PCE). The main issues hampering commercialization are the lack of deposition methods for large areas, missing long-term device stability and the toxicity of the commonly used Pb-based compounds. In this work, we present a novel chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for Pb-free air-stable methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) layers, which enables large-area production employing close-coupled showerhead technology. We demonstrate the influence of precursor rates on the layer morphology as well as on the optical and crystallographic properties. The impact of substrate temperature and layer thickness on the morphology of MBI crystallites is discussed. We obtain smooth layers with lateral crystallite sizes up to 500 nm. Moreover, the application of CVD-processed MBI layers in non-inverted perovskite solar cells is presented.
ABSTRACT
Fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) represents one of the most attractive routes to large-scale 2D material layers. Although good homogeneity and electrical conductance have been reported recently, the relation between growth parameters and photoluminescence (PL) intensity-one of the most important parameters for optoelectronic applications-has not yet been discussed for MOCVD TMDCs. In this work, MoS2 is grown via MOCVD on sapphire (0001) substrates using molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6, MCO) and di-tert-butyl sulphide as precursor materials. A prebake step under H2 atmosphere combined with a reduced MCO precursor flow increases the crystal grain size by one order of magnitude and strongly enhances PL intensity with a clear correlation to the grain size. A decrease of the linewidth of both Raman resonances and PL spectra down to full width at half maxima of 3.2 cm-1 for the E 2g Raman mode and 60 meV for the overall PL spectrum indicate a reduced defect density at optimized growth conditions.
ABSTRACT
The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide exhibiting potent inhibitory action on alpha-glucoside hydrolases on intestinal absorption of sucrose in man was tested by constant in vivo perfusion of the jejunum. At concentrations of 4.65 or 15.5 X 10(-6)M the alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) markedly inhibited absorption of glucose from sucrose and absorption of sodium and water. Oral administration of the alpha-GHI resulted as well in depression of solute, sodium, and water absorption. This new compound can serve as an interesting tool to induce carbohydrate malabsorption by inhibition of final digestion and may possibly be of beneficial therapeutic effect in dietary control of diabetes or obesity.
