[Experimental research on the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the phosphorus-calcium metabolic status]. / Eksperimental'noe issledovanie vliianiia ul'trafioletovogo oblucheniia na sostoianie fosforno-kal'tsievogo obmena.

The influence of vitamin D and ultraviolet irradiation (UVI), used for prevention of vitamin D deficiency, on the state of phosphoric-calcium metabolism was studied in experiments on rats. It has been shown that daily injections of 1-5 IU of vitamin D, and UVI in biodoses from 1/8 to 1/4 promote the maintainance of the normal level of phosphoric-calcium metabolism. When UVI was applied according to the widely used "basic scheme" (in biodoses from 1/4 to 2 1/2) the following anomalies were recorded: a three-fold increase of 25-ON-D3 concentration in the blood plasma, hyperphosphatemia, a tendency to hypercalcemia. The use of higher doses of UVI led to a further increase of 25-OH-D3 level, hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, kidney and heart calcification. The data obtained have evidenced a possibility of vitamin D intoxication during UVI.

[Change in carbohydrate metabolism, secretion of insulin and glucagon in normoglycemic rats during administration of various doses of nicotinamide]. / Izmenenie uglevodnogo obmena, sekretsii insulina i gliukagona u normoglikemicheskikh krys pri vvedenii razlichnykh doz nikotinamide.

Development of hypoglycemia, a slight decrease in concentration of glucagon in blood as well as increase in activity of malate-and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases in liver cytosol were detected in rats injected subcutaneously with nicotinamide at a dose of 31.25 mg/kg 6 hrs before decapitation. Increase of the single dose up to 125 mg/kg caused hypoglycemia, distinct increase in concentration of insulin and glucagon in blood plasma simultaneously with a pronounced inhibition of the enzymatic activity in liver tissue. Effect of nicotinamide on carbohydrate metabolism appears to have a dissimilar character depending on the drug dose: its small doses accelerated utilization and oxidation of glucose but did not affect the secretion of insulin and glucagon.

[Hormonal response of the bodies of cosmonauts after completion of brief space flights]. / Gormonal'naia reaktsiia organizma kosmonavtov posle zaversheniia kratkovremennykh kosmicheskikh poletov.

After short-term (7-day) space flights the following parameters were measured in blood of cosmonauts: cortisol, ACTH, aldosterone, thyrotropic hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, somatotropic hormone, insulin, testosterone, cyclic nucleotides, prostaglandins, activities of the kallikrein-kinin, fibrinolytic and coagulatory systems, and plasma renin activity; in addition, renal excretion of aldosterone and total 17-oxycorticosteroids was determined. It was demonstrated that after the short-term flights the acute period of adaptation was accompanied by a moderate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, adrenal glucocorticoid function, pancreatic insular apparatus, kallikrein-kinin system as well as increased cyclic AMP which is suggestive of a moderately expressed stress-reaction.

[Hormone content of the blood plasma of rats after a flight on the Kosmos-1129 biosatellite]. / Soderzhanie gormonov v plazme krovi krys posle poleta na biosputnike "Kosmos-1129".

The concentration of ACTH, insulin, glucagon, glucose, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyrotrophic hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine was measured in plasma of the rats flown for 18.5 days on Cosmos-1129. As a result of the flight, the concentration of insulin, thyrotrophic hormone, and triiodothyronine increased and that of thyroxine decreased. It is suggested that the above changes have been induced by an acute stress associated with biosatellite reentry and touchdown.

[Effect of space flight aboard "Kosmos-1129" on thyroid hormone content of the blood and thyroid gland of rats]. / Vliianie poleta na biosputnike "Kosmos-1129" na soderzhanie gormonov shchitovidnoi zhelezy v krovi i tkani samoi zhelezy u krys.

Thyrotrophin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine were measured in plasma and thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland of the rats flown for 18.5 days onboard Cosmos-1129. Postflight the plasma content of thyrotrophin and triiodothyronine increased and that of thyroxine decreased and the gland content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine diminished. It is postulated that in the flight animals the functional activity of the thyroid gland declined.

[Biochemical status of adrenocortical dysfunction after space flight]. / Biokhimicheskii status adrenokortikal'noi disfunktsii posle zaversheniia kosmicheskogo poleta.

Renal excretion of 17-HOCS and aldosterone as well as the ratio of excreted glucocorticoids and their precursors was investigated in the Soyuz-31 Commander before and after his 7-day flight. Renal excretion of total 17-HOCS remained unchanged while hydroxylation in positions 11 and 17 in the course of corticosteroid synthesis was relatively deficient.

[Results of endocrinologic studies of the 3d international crew of the scientific orbital station complex: Soyuz 29 - Salyut 6 - Soyuz 31 (joint space flight enterprise of the USSR - GDR). 3. Corticosteroid excretion in urine]. / Ergebnisse endokrinologischer Untersuchungen bei der 3. internationalen Besatzung des wissenschaftlichen Orbitalkomplexes Sojuz 29 - Saljut 6 - Sojuz 31 (gemeinsames Raumflugunternehmen UdSSR - DDR) 3. Mitteilung: Die Kortikosteroidausscheidung im Urin.

In the present study the attempt was made to evaluate the functional state of the adrenal cortex after space flight by means of the urinary corticosteroid content. The urine collected over 24 hours was analysed. The following parameters were determined: Total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS), their free forms, glucuronides and sulphates; cortisol (F), cortisone (E), corticosterone (B), 11-desoxycortisol (S), 11-dehydrocorticosterone (A), tetrahydrocortisol (THF), tetrahydrocortisone (THE), tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB), tetrahydro-11-desoxycortisol (THS), and aldosterone. In order to characterize the activity of the 11-hydroxylase the quotient of THS + S/THF + F + THE + E was formed. The activity of the 17-hydroxylase was determined indirectly by the quotient of THF + THE + THS + F + E + S/THB + B + A = 17-OHCS/17-DOHCS. The expected distinct increase of the 17-OHCS after the space flight failed to appear. This finding may be due to an adrenocortical dysfunction. In the space ship commander the quotients indicate a reduced 11- and 17-hydroxylation during the process of synthesis of the glucocorticoids. In the flight engineer they give evidence of an unchanged biosynthesis except on the day of landing. A hitherto not fully intensified substance ("white spot") was found in the chromatogram of the space ship commander on the first and second day after the flight. Moreover, the investigations show that the reaction of the adrenal cortex after space flights exhibits a number of individual characteristics.

[Results of endocrinolgic studies of the 3rd international crew of the scientific orbital station complex; Soyuz 29 - Salyut 6 - Soyuz 31 (joint space flight enterprise of the USSR - GDR). 2. Hormones and biologically active substances in blood]. / Ergebnisse endokrinologischer Untersuchungen bei der 3. internationalen Besatzung des wissenschaftlichen Orbitalkomplexes Sojuz 29 - Saljut 6 - Sojuz 31 (gemeinsames Raumflugunternehmen UdSSR - DDR) 2. Mitteilung: Hormone und biologisch aktive Stoffe im Blut.

Cortisol, insulin, somatotropin, thyreotropin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, testosterone, aldosterone, c-AMP, c-GMP, prostaglandins (PGF1-x, PGF2-x, PGA + E), and renin concentrations in serum or plasma of the venous blood of the third international crew of the scientific orbital complex of "Soyuz 29 - Salyut 6 - Soyuz 31" were determined following the 7-day space flight. The increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system before the flight as well as variations in the pressor/depressor prostaglandin ratios indicate an increased strain during the pre-flight period. During the first stage of the post-flight period some parameters were changed due to the landing process and the returning to earth gravity. The associated physical load and the onset of reactions for enhancement of the orthostatic tolerance resulted in an increase of cyclic nucleotid and thyroxine concentrations. The relatively higher levels of the pressor PGs of group F in comparison with the prostaglandins A + E could be evaluated as a compensatory reaction for enhancement of the orthostatic tolerance. The cortisol and STH concentrations increased with growing motor activity. The variations seen after the 7-day space flight were essentially within the reference areas. It may be assumed that the readaptation was not yet totally accomplished by the 8th day after landing.

[Role of hormonal compounds in regulating electrolyte metabolism in emotional stress]. / Rol' gormonal'nykh soedinenii v reguliatsii élektrolitnogo obmena pri émotsional'nom stresse.

The emotional stress simulated by examinations taken by medical students led to a decrease of sodium concentration in blood. This was a result of a simultaneous increase of mineralocorticoids and a decrease of glucocorticoids responsible for sodium concentration in blood. Both inhibition of glucocorticoids and stimulation of mineralocorticoids were associated with a high activity of plasma renin and a low concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Changes of blood levels of several hormones, catecholamines, prostaglandins, electrolytes and cAMP in man during emotional stress.

The levels of several hormones (ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH, parathyroid hormone--PTH, insulin, thyroxine--T4, triiodothyronine--T3, cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, renin), catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamin), prostaglandins (F1 alpha, F2 alpha, A + E), electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg), cAMP and glucose in blood were measured before and immediately after the examination in 15 male students aged 28 to 35 years. Simultaneously the blood pressure was measured and hemodynamic measures were registered with the aid of echocardiography. A remarkable increase of catecholamines, ACTH, renin, T3, PTH, cAMP, PG F1 alpha, PG F2 alpha and Ca was found before the examination together with the increase of blood pressure. After the examination the levels of catecholamines, renin, aldosterone, T3, PTH, GH, FSH, LH, testosterone, PG A + E, glucose and Ca were found to be increased, while these of insulin, Na, PG F1 alpha, PG F2 alpha were decreased. The decrease of blood pressure was also found.

[Results of a study of metabolic processes in members of the crew of the 2d expedition of the "Sliut-4" orbital station]. / Rezul'taty issledovaniia protsessov metabolizma u chlenov ékipazha vtoroi ékspeditsii orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-4"

A detailed biochemical analysis of the venous blood and daily urine samples of the crewmembers of the Salyut-4 second expedition after their 63-day space flight showed metabolic changes as compared with the preflight level. The changes were more marked immediately postflight. On the 7th postflight day most parameters studied tended to return to the preflight values. This study did not demonstrate any adverse biochemical changes that may prevent long-duration manned space flights.