ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ultrasound guided cardiac shock wave therapy (CSWT) is a noninvasive therapeutic option in the treatment of chronic-refractory angina. Clinical trials have shown that CSWT reduces angina symptoms, improves regional systolic function, LV ejection fraction, myocardial perfusion and quality of life parameters. Absolute measurements of myocardial perfusion before and after CSWT have not been performed so far. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied a total of 21 CCS III patients with history of CAD and multiple interventions who suffered from disabling angina despite individually optimized medical therapy. An N-13 NH3 PET perfusion scan under adenosine was performed before and after CSWT treatment. CSWT was well tolerated in all patients. Absolute perfusion under adenosine of the global left-ventricular myocardium did not change under therapy or minimal coronary resistance. The treated segments, however, showed in terms of both perfusion and resistance a mild but significant improvement, by 11 and 15 %, respectively, whereas no change could be observed in the remote segments. Considering a threshold of increased perfusion of 5 %, 10 (77 %) out of 13 patients with a better target perfusion improved in their CCS class, whereas 3 (43 %) out of 7 patients without improved target perfusion improved in their CCS class too. CONCLUSION: Standard CSWT has the potential to improve myocardial perfusion of the therapy zone and clinical CAD symptomatology without affecting global myocardial perfusion. As a noninvasive and well tolerated therapeutic option, these data suggest the use of CSWT in patients with end-stage CAD.
Subject(s)
Blood Flow Velocity , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , Coronary Circulation , High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation/methods , Aged , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Fragmentation is essential in most library preparation protocols for use with massively parallel sequencing systems. Complexes that generate hydroxyl radicals, such as iron-EDTA, can be used to introduce random DNA cleavage. Here we describe a chemical fragmentation method that can be incorporated into library preparation protocols for next-generation sequencing workflows. This protocol has been validated by whole genome, amplicon and exome sequencing. Chemical fragmentation is a cost-effective alternative to current fragmentation methods that has no observable sequence bias and requires no instrumentation.
