ABSTRACT
Microscopic appearance of cells in urine cytological samples is the formal diagnostic approach adjunct to cystoscopy for the detection and follow-up of urinary tumors. However, cystoscopy is a surgical method and cytology may miss low-grade papillary tumors. Several assays and markers have been developed to assist in this. When combined with conventional cytology, uro-oncological diagnostic performance is improved. We review the value of these non-invasive modalities in comparison with urine cytomorphology in the work-up of urothelial malignancies.
Subject(s)
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urologic Neoplasms , Humans , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Follow-Up Studies , Urologic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Urologic Neoplasms/pathology , Cystoscopy/methods , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Occupational asbestos exposure is believed to be the primary etiologic link to mesothelioma. However, in the evaluation of familial mesothelioma, it is important to consider the possibility of household exposure to asbestos. In this study, we report a family in which the father with prolonged occupational asbestos exposure developed malignant pleural mesothelioma and his daughter 14 years later mesothelioma in situ with focally early invasion. Several reports of familial aggregations of mesothelioma strongly support that genetic factors in collaboration with environmental exposure may contribute etiologically to an as yet unknown fraction of occurrence of this disease.
Subject(s)
Asbestos/adverse effects , Family Health , Mesothelioma/pathology , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Pleural Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Family , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Male , Mesothelioma/chemically induced , Mesothelioma/genetics , Mesothelioma/metabolism , Pleural Neoplasms/chemically induced , Pleural Neoplasms/genetics , Pleural Neoplasms/metabolism , SmokingABSTRACT
The aim of our study was to outline and present the major hallmarks in the history of clinical cytology. For this purpose, an extensive research in modern literature and the PubMed database was undertaken. Furthermore, we studied original papers and books of the pioneers in cytopathology. The development of the first microscope by Hans and Sacharias Janssen is a hallmark in biological sciences, since the study of microcosmos was made feasible. From the discovery of single cells by Robert Hooke and the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann till the establishment of exfoliative cytology by George Papanicolaou and the invention of fine-needle aspiration biopsy technique by Martin and Ellis, there is a three-century continuum of important discoveries and research. Today, flow cytometry and the introduction of molecular techniques have revolutionized medicine and are expected to change the face of cytology in the near future.
