Assessing the Policy of Non-Smoking Areas in Schools in Indonesia: A Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Regulations in the form of Regional Regulations on Non-Smoking Areas are efforts to prevent smoking in schools. We will show qualitatively and quantitatively whether the policy can control smoke-free schools since 2015 in Muaro Jambi Regency. However, the implementation is still not optimal, even almost not implemented following the mandate of government regulation Number 109 of 2012 and regional regulation Number 5 of 2018. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the smoke-free area policy in schools in Muaro Jambi Regency. METHOD: Research using mixed method study employing quantitative through distribution survey of smoke-free zones and qualitative by interviewing 31 schools of informants and observing 499 points of educational institutions. Selection of informants by considering the criteria of adequacy and suitability of data analysis with content analysis. RESULTS: The cause of the non-implementation of the smoke-free area policy is the lack of socialization of local regulations. The regulation of non-smoking area bylaws has not been made, implementing rules with the decree of the law. Schools do not run areas without cigarettes because they do not fully understand the rules, namely that they are not allowed to smoke in all school environments and health facilities. Oversight of the no-smoking area policy has not been carried out due to the lack of policy support from policymakers and sources of funds for monitoring the no-smoking area. CONCLUSION: No smoking area policy is meaningless if there is neglect in its implementation so that it does not impact the compliance of smoking behavior following the No Smoking Area policy. The need for the commitment of school leaders in implementing and operational rules from the regional regulations in the implementation of smoke-free areas.

3-Aminophenylboronic Acid Conjugation on Responsive Polymer and Gold Nanoparticles for Qualitative Bacterial Detection.

Background: Because of their sensitive and selective responses to a wide variety of analytes, colorimetric sensors have gained widespread acceptance in recent years. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely employed in visual sensor strategies due to their high stability and ease of use. Combining AuNPs with a responsive polymer can result in distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) changes that can be utilized as colorimetric biosensors. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to develop a colorimetric-based sensor through the utilization of the optical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) crosslinked with pH-responsive polymers poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) conjugated to 3-aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA). Methods: The polymer (PAA) was synthesized via RAFT polymerization. The inversed Turkevic method was used to produce AuNPs, which were subsequently used in a self-assembly process using poly (acrylic acid)-aminophenyl boronic acid (PAA-APBA) to create the self-assembled AuNPs-APBA-PAA. The particle size, zeta potential, and reversibility of the polymer-modified gold nanoparticles were determined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a particle size analyzer (PSA), and an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis spectrophotometer). Visual, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and TEM observations confirmed the system's ability to identify bacteria. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance using Excel software. Results: Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the particle size of AuNPs was determined to be 25.7 nm, and the maximum absorbance occurred at 530 nm. AuNPs PAA APBA colloid exhibited an absorbance maximum of 532 nm, a zeta potential of -41.53, and a pH transition point between 4 and 5. At E. coli concentrations of 4.5 x 107 CFU/mL, the color of the system sensors changed from red to blue after 15 hours of incubation, whereas at S. aureus concentrations of 1.2 x 109 CFU/mL, the color changed to purple immediately after mixing. The TEM confirmed that the detection mechanism is based on the boronate-polyol bonding of saccharides on the outer membranes of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: The use of APBA in conjunction with pH-responsive PAA polymers containing AuNPs to detect E. coli and S. aureus bacteria induces a maximum wavelength transition, followed by a color change from red to blue. By the process of de-swelling of the responsive polymer, which induces the aggregation of the AuNPs, the established sensor system is able to alter the color. The conjugated polymer and gold nanoparticle-based sensor system demonstrated a promising method for bacterial detection.