Mutations and polymorphisms in genes involved in the infections by covid 19: a review.

Covid19 is the third most aggressive coronavirus that spreads rapidly and kills many people. It is a multigenic and multifactorial disease with many genetic and environmental determinants. The identification of these factors is key to better understanding the etiology of Covid-19 and it can also help predict the risk and prevent Covid-19 infection. Many predisposing factors have been described for this coronavirus such as advanced age, male gender, and geographic location. In addition to these elements, genetic factors have an important role in Covid19 infection. Interindividual variation in susceptibility to infection by Covid-19 has been associated with to the presence of genetic polymorphisms in many genes, especially in those that code for proteins implicated in the infection process. The present review gives a brief overview of different genes involved in the infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its association with disease severity. The results of our research showed that many different genes are associated with a higher risk for COVID-19, notably those coding for proteins involved in coronavirus-cell entry and fusion such as ACE2 (angiotensin I converting enzyme 2), TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2) and CD26.

Analysis of the influence of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genes on the risk of essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Essential hypertension (EH) results from a complex interaction between environmental factors and an individual's genetic background. AIM: To assess the relationship between polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the risk of EH. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A multiplex-PCR was used to identify the genotypic profiles of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in 160 patients and 210 controls. RESULTS: The frequency of GSTM1-null genotype was higher in patients younger than 61 years when compared to those over 61 years. Interestingly, GSTT1-null was significantly associated with the risk of EH (OR 4; 95% CI 2.6-6.3; p < 0.0001). While GSTM1-null showed no trend (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.1, p = 0.12). Individuals carrying the combined GSTT1-null/GSTM1-null were 2.4 times more at risk for hypertension compared to those harbouring the combined GSTT1-present/GSTM1-present genotype (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3-4.4; p = 0.005). Additionally, the presence of the combined GSTT1-null/GSTM1-present was associated with an increased risk of EH compared to GSTT1-present/GSTM1-present carriers (OR 6.75; 95% CI 3.4-13.2; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the GSTT1-null alone or in interaction with GSTM1-present or GSTM1-null was associated with a higher risk of hypertension. Moreover, the GSTM1-null seems to be associated with the age of onset of hypertension.

MDR1 gene polymorphisms and acute myeloid leukemia AML susceptibility in A Moroccan adult population: A case-control study and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene plays an important function in carcinogens detoxification and drugs metabolism. Many authors reported that MDR1 gene influences individual susceptibility to cancers. We carried out the present case-control study to investigate the impact of MDR1 gene in the predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a sample of Moroccan population. In addition, we performed a meta-analysis study to discuss our results and to better highlight the influence of MDR1 gene on the susceptibility of AML. METHODS: The study included 187 AML patients and 206 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from white blood cell by salting method. Polymorphisms of G2677 T and C3435 T were genotyped by Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), using Mbo I and Ban I restriction enzymes. Statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS (version 19.0; SPPS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalcv.11.6.1.0 software. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in genotype and allelic distribution were found in G2677 T and C3435 T polymorphisms between AML cases and controls in the Moroccan population. On the other hand, we found that the age of onset of AML in patients with homozygous mutant genotype was statistically lower than in patients with either the heterozygous or wild type genotype for both polymorphisms (P = 0.006; P = 0.03). Meta-analysis showed a significant association of C3435 T, G2677 T polymorphisms on the susceptibility of AML when considering the recessive and the allelic models. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the G2677 T and C3435 T polymorphisms of the MDR1 gene were associated with the age at onset of AML in our population. In addition, the meta-analysis showed that these polymorphisms could play a role in susceptibility to AML.