ABSTRACT
This study explored the experiences of pregnant women who received two intervention models for increasing uptake of male partner HIV testing in antenatal settings. As part of a randomised trial, we interviewed twenty participants who received partner notification services only while 22 received the partner notification plus HIV self-testing. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Partner notification services helped to initiate discussions of HIV testing with partners, influence partners to undergo testing, and encouraged disclosure of HIV status. Some women experienced difficulties engaging partners due to fear of their partner's reaction. Some partners were unable to test due to time constraints. The partner notification plus HIV self-testing intervention, stimulated discussion about HIV testing; facilitated testing for men at their convenience; addressed privacy/confidentiality, and stigma concerns; and provided the opportunity to disclose HIV status. Some women feared disclosure and retribution in case of discordance results. There were also challenges with men making follow-ups for confirmatory HIV tests. The addition of HIV self-test kits to partner notification services can expand HIV testing services to male partners, including those of HIV-negative women. Additional efforts are needed to link men to appropriate HIV prevention, care, and treatment services.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Humans , Female , Male , Pregnancy , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Zambia , Pregnant Women , Postpartum Period , HIV Testing , Sexual PartnersABSTRACT
Cardiac involvement as a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children is a relatively new entity. We present our initial experience managing children with coronavirus disease 2019-related acute myocardial injury. The 3 patients presented here represent a spectrum of the cardiac involvement noted in children with coronavirus disease 2019-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome, including myocarditis presenting as cardiogenic shock or heart failure with biventricular dysfunction, valvulitis, coronary artery changes, and pericardial effusion.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections , Heart Failure , Heart Valve Diseases , Myocarditis , Pandemics , Patient Care Management/methods , Pericardial Effusion , Pneumonia, Viral , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , Adolescent , Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , COVID-19 , Cardiac Imaging Techniques/methods , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Vessels/pathology , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Heart Failure/etiology , Heart Failure/therapy , Heart Valve Diseases/diagnosis , Heart Valve Diseases/virology , Humans , Myocarditis/therapy , Myocarditis/virology , Pericardial Effusion/therapy , Pericardial Effusion/virology , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , SARS-CoV-2 , Shock, Cardiogenic/etiology , Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates. Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes, which can have strong consequences for host development, physiology, and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes, while the benign microbes, of which the majority of bacteria could be described, are often ignored. Here, we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in situ. First, using culture-based methods, we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these spiders. Then, we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits: boldness, aggressiveness, and activity level. We conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application, and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control treatment. We identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria. We found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a 10-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their web. Since bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts, these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria, even non-pathogenic bacteria, could alter host behavior.
ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox064.]
