Disability Certification for Parkinson's Disease in India: Challenges and the Way Forward.

Disability certification is mandatory for people with Parkinson's disease to avail any schemes and benefits in India. The process of certification of the extent of disability in a complex disorder like Parkinson's needs to be made less cumbersome and streamlined to ensure that people for whom the benefits are meant are able to avail them.

Co-VAN study: COVID-19 vaccine associated neurological diseases- an experience from an apex neurosciences centre and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown various neurological adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccine. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to retrospectively review and report the neurological diseases temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of admitted patients from 1st February 2021 to 30th June 2022. A total of 4672 medical records were reviewed of which 51 cases were identified to have neurological illness temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 51 cases, 48 had probable association with COVID-19 vaccination while three had possible association. Neurological spectrum included CNS demyelination (n = 39, 76.5 %), Guillain-Barré-syndrome (n = 3, 5.9 %), stroke (n = 6, 11.8 %), encephalitis (n = 2, 3.9 %) and myositis (n = 1, 2.0 %). Female gender had a greater predisposition (F:M, 1.13:1). Neurological events were more commonly encountered after the first-dose (n = 37, 72.5%). The mean latency to onset of symptoms was 13.2 ± 10.7 days after the last dose of vaccination. COVIShield (ChAdOx1) was the most commonly administered vaccine (n = 43, 84.3 %). Majority of the cases with demyelination were seronegative (n = 23, 59.0 %) which was followed by anti-Myelin oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein associated demyelination (MOGAD) (n = 11, 28.2 %) and Neuromyelitis optica (NMOSD) (n = 5, 12.8 %). Out of 6 Stroke cases, 2 cases (33.3 %) had thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. At discharge, 25/51 (49.0 %) of the cases had favourable outcome (mRS 0 to 1). Among six patients of stroke, only one of them had favourable outcome. CONCLUSION: In this series, we describe the wide variety of neurological syndromes temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Further studies with larger sample size and longer duration of follow-up are needed to prove or disprove causality association of these syndromes with COVID-19 vaccination.

Parkinson's Disease and Wearable Technology: An Indian Perspective.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. In India, an accurate number of PD patients remains uncertain owing to the unawareness of PD symptoms in the geriatric population and the large discrepancy between the number of PD patients and trained neurologists. Constructing additional neurological care centers along with using technology and integrating it into digital healthcare platforms will help reduce this burden. Use of technology in PD diagnosis and monitoring started in 1980s with invasive techniques performed in laboratories. Over the last five decades, PD technology has significantly evolved where now patients can track symptoms using their smartphones or wearable sensors. However, the use of such technology within the Indian population is non-existent primarily due to the cost of digital devices and limited technological capabilities of geriatric patients especially in rural areas. Other reasons include secure data transfers from patients to physicians and the general lack of awareness of wearables devices. Thus, creating a simple, cost-effective and inconspicuous wearable device would yield the highest compliance within the Indian PD patient population. Implementation of such technology will provide neurologists with wider outreach to patients in rural locations, remote monitoring and empirical data to titrate medication.

Cognition in Patients With Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Its Neuroimaging Correlation: A Prospective Case-Control Study.

Objective Cognition has been reported to be involved in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), although initially it was considered an exclusion in the diagnosis of MSA. We assessed cognition in these patients and compared it with age and education matched healthy controls and correlated with the gray matter volume using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Materials and methods This was a prospective, case-control, single-center study. Thirty patients with MSA (20 MSA-C (cerebellar variant) and 10 MSA-P (Parkinsonian variant)) and 25 age- and educational level-matched healthy controls were included. All the patients and controls underwent detailed neuropsychological tests and MRI brain. A battery of neuropsychological tests like Stroop test, digit span forward and backward, digit symbol substitution time test, animal naming test, color trail test and auditory verbal learning test were used to assess the various domain of cognition, which include mainly attention, executive function, memory, new learning, mental and motor speed. The gray matter volume was determined using VBM and correlated with neuropsychological scores. Results Attention, execution, verbal and visual memory, verbal fluency, and new learning were impaired in patients with MSA. MSA-P had more impairment in motor and mental speed, working memory, executive functions, and focused attention compared to MSA-C. Patients with MSA-C had more impairment in new learning, immediate recall, verbal fluency, and sustained attention compared to MSA-P. However, it was not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between the various cognitive domains and atrophy of frontotemporal cortical areas, insula, caudate, thalamus, and cerebellum. Conclusion Cognition is impaired in patients with MSA-C and MSA-P and is likely due to the neurodegenerative process involving the cortical and subcortical structures. Long-term follow-up studies are required to find out the progression of these cognitive changes.

Psychiatric morbidity and poor follow-up underlie suboptimal functional and survival outcomes in Huntington's disease.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited, often late-onset, neurodegenerative disorder, is considered to be a rare, orphan disease. Research into its genetic correlates and services for those affected are inadequate in most low-middle income countries, including India. The apparent 'incurability' often deters symptomatic and rehabilitative care, resulting in poor quality of life and sub-optimal outcomes. There are no studies assessing disease burden and outcomes from India. METHODS: We attempted to evaluate individuals diagnosed to have HD at our tertiary-care center between 2013 and 2016 for clinical symptoms, functionality, mortality, follow up status through a structured interview, clinical data from medical records and UHDRS-TFC scoring. RESULTS: Of the 144 patients, 25% were untraceable, and another 17 (11.8%) had already died. Mean age at death and duration of illness at the time of death, were 53 years and 7 years respectively, perhaps due to suicides and other comorbidities at an early age. The patients who could be contacted (n = 81) were assessed for morbidity and total functional capacity (TFC). Mean CAG repeat length and TFC score were 44.2 and 7.5 respectively. Most individuals (66%) were in TFC stage I and II and could perhaps benefit from several interventions. The TFC score correlated inversely with duration of illness (p < 0.0001). The majority were being taken care of at home, irrespective of the physical and mental disability. There was a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (91%) including suicidal tendency (22%). Three of the 17 who died had committed suicide, and several other families reported suicidal history in other family members. Only about half the patients (57%) maintained a regular clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the poor follow-up rates, significant suicidality and other psychiatric symptoms, sub-optimal survival durations and functional outcomes highlighting the need for holistic care for the majority who appear to be amenable to interventions.

Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease: A Rare Etiology for Rapidly Progressive Dementia.

INTRODUCTION: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by localized neuronal loss, and presence of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in neurons and glial cells. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old man presented with rapidly progressive dementia, behavioral changes, gait disturbances, and incontinence of 3 months duration. His brain magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse T2/FLAIR hyperintensity of basal ganglia, thalami, cerebral peduncles, ventral pons, and supratentorial white matter with a frontal predominance. Hyperintensity was noted along the corticosubcortical junction on diffusion-weighted images. NIID was suspected and the patient underwent triple biopsy of the sural nerve with adjacent skin and biceps biopsy. Biopsy revealed ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions surrounding the myofibers, and vascular smooth muscles suggestive of NIID. CONCLUSIONS: NIID is a rare neurodegenerative disorder usually diagnosed postmortem. The rectal and skin biopsy had proved helpful in antemortem diagnosis. We have increased the diagnostic armamentarium by showing the presence of intranuclear inclusions in smooth muscle cells of the muscle. Hence, a high degree of suspicion, magnetic resonance imaging features, with nerve/muscle/skin biopsy can help in diagnosis of NIID.

Abnormalities of white and grey matter in early multiple system atrophy: comparison of parkinsonian and cerebellar variants.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive motor and autonomic dysfunction. There is a paucity of information on the early neurostructural changes in MSA, especially its subtypes, MSA-P (patients with predominant parkinsonism) and MSA-C (patients with predominant cerebellar signs). This study investigates the abnormalities of grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in early MSA and its subtypes using multi-modal voxel-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with MSA with duration of symptoms ≤ 2.5 years (mean duration: 1.6 ±0.9 years) were assessed clinically and with 3T MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed to identify the structural changes in MSA and its subtypes. The GM changes and diffusion parameters of WM tracts were correlated with the clinical scores. The results were compared with MRI of 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: The early structural changes in MSA included GM loss of the cerebellum and subcallosal gyrus with widespread involvement of supratentorial and infratentorial WM fibres. In MSA-C, GM loss was limited to the cerebellum with WM changes predominantly affecting the infratentorial WM and association tracts. In contrast, MSA-P did not demonstrate any GM loss and the WM involvement was mainly supratentorial. There was no significant correlation between structural changes and clinical severity score. CONCLUSION: In early MSA, WM microstructure was more affected than GM. These changes were greater in MSA-C than in MSA-P, suggesting variable deterioration in the subtypes of MSA. KEY POINTS: • Structural changes in early multiple system atrophy were evaluated using multi-modal neuroimaging. • White matter was more affected than grey matter in early MSA. • Clinical variables did not correlate with early structural changes.

Electrophysiological evaluation of psychogenic movement disorders.

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) include a group of neurological symptoms which cannot be explained by any organic syndrome. The diagnosis of PMD is challenging for both neurologist and psychiatrist. Electrophysiological examination is a useful tool to evaluate and support a diagnosis PMD. It includes a set of tests which are chosen appropriate to the clinical setting that provides objective criteria for the diagnosis of PMD. The various tests available include accelerometry, surface electromyography, electroencephalography, jerk locked back averaging and pre-movement potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) etc. Electrophysiologically psychogenic tremors display features of variability, entrainability, coactivation, distractibility and increase in the amplitude and frequency on mass loading. Movement related cortical potentials such as Bereitschaftspotential is seen in psychogenic myoclonus. Presence of triphasic contraction of muscles and absence of co-contraction suggests psychogenic myoclonus. Latency of C-reflex is longer in psychogenic myoclonus as compared to organic myoclonus. The role of TMS to differentiate psychogenic from organic dystonia is still not clear. In conclusion, electrophysiological tests are most useful for tremor, followed by jerks and least for dystonia. In patients with long-standing PMD or those with mixed pathology, electrophysiological tests may not be very useful.

Determinants of Onset of Huntington's Disease with Behavioral Symptoms: Insight from 92 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetically mediated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by presence of involuntary movements, behavioral problems and cognitive dysfunctions. Though few patients with HD may have behavioral symptoms at onset of the disease, studies comparing patients with behavioral symptoms at the onset of HD with those having motor symptoms are sparse. OBJECTIVE: Objective of this study is to determine the differences in the demographic and genetic characteristics of patients with behavioral symptom at the onset of HD from those with motor symptoms. METHODS: A chart review of 92 patients with HD who had attended the neurology outpatient clinics of National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, India was done. Demographic and genetic characteristics of HD patients with onset of the disease with initial behavioral symptoms (HD-iB) were compared with patients with onset of the disease with initial motor symptoms (HD-iM). RESULTS: The principal findings in our study were (i) higher proportion of patients with HD-iB had a positive family history of HD, (ii) maternal inheritance of HD was more frequent among those with HD-iB, and (iii) There is no significant difference between the CAG repeat length between HD-iB and HD-iM groups. CONCLUSION: Presence of family history of HD especially inheritance of HD from mother may be associated with behavioral symptoms at the onset of HD. CAG repeat length in patients with HD-iB does not differ from those with HD-iM.

Study of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in India.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and pattern of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using dual-probe 24-h oesophageal pH recording. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 50 patients with mild-to-moderate stage COPD based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. A detailed history of illness along with spirometry was done in all patients. In the study group, reflux symptoms were measured using a validated scoring system. All the patients underwent oesophageal manometry and dual-probe 24-h oesophageal pH recording. RESULTS: Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux were present in 38 patients. Twenty-four-hour oesophageal pH monitoring revealed pathological reflux in 31 out of 38 symptomatic and 8 out of 12 asymptomatic patients. The overall rate of GORD was 78% in our study. Only distal GORD was observed in 11 (28.9%), and both distal and proximal GORD was observed in 20 (52.6%) out of the 38 symptomatic subjects. In the remaining 12 asymptomatic patients, eight had GORD. Distal GORD was present in six (50%) patients, and two (16.6%) had both distal and proximal GORD in this group. Isolated proximal GORD was not observed in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased occurrence of GORD in patients with even mild-to-moderate COPD.

Acute pancreatitis complicating acute hepatitis e virus infection: a case report and review.

Acute pancreatitis complicating fulminant viral hepatitis has been well recognized; however, acute pancreatitis occurring in nonfulminant hepatitis is very rare. The case presented describes moderate pancreatitis in a young male, manifesting during the course of nonfulminant acute hepatitis E infection. The diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis E was confirmed by serology and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to demonstrate Hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA in both stool and serum. Patients with acute viral hepatitis presenting with severe abdominal pain should have a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis suspected and appropriate investigations including serum amylase, lipase, biliary ultrasonography and/or contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen should be undertaken. The identification of this unusual complication of Hepatitis E is important; however, the prognosis for patients with Acute Pancreatitis Complicating Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection is good, and uncomplicated recovery with conservative treatment is expected.

A rapidly developing lung mass diagnosed as desmoplastic small round cell tumor.

We present a case of a young male who presented with complaints of fever along with cough and sputum. He was diagnosed with having right pleural effusion. He was already taking anti-tubercular therapy for one month before presentation. He was started on intravenous antibiotics and continued on anti-tubercular therapy in our hospital, based on his high leukocyte count, pleural fluid analysis, and ultrasonographic report of multiple hypoechoic areas in the liver. His symptoms continued to worsen and he subsequently developed mediastinal widening and a left lung mass. Commuted tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the lung mass revealed a desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor. Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is a rare and aggressive tumor, which presents rarely as a mediastinal and lung mass. This tumor has very poor prognosis.

Rare association of Visceral leishmaniasis with Hodgkin's disease: A case report.

We present here a case of young male with complaints of fever and swelling in the neck for eight months. History of progressive weakness associated with weight loss was present. Physical examination revealed pallor, multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly. Investigations showed pancytopenia, hyperglobinemia and Leishman-Donovan bodies on bone marrow aspiration. Serological test confirmed diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. However, cervical lymph node aspiration and biopsy were suggestive of Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease. This made it a very rare case of Leishmaniasis as an opportunistic infection in a patient of pre-chemotherapy Hodgkin's disease. There was marked improvement in haematological profile and regression of hepatosplenomegaly with Amphotericin B treatment followed by favourable response to chemotherapy. The case emphasizes the suspicion for leishmaniasis as a masquerader and as an opportunistic infection in haematological malignancies.