Environmental exposure to carcinogens in northwestern Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, 6% of deaths are due to cancer but cancer prevention is not practiced. Humans can prevent themselves from a number of workplace and environmental carcinogens. OBJECTIVES: To assess exposure to carcinogens, risky behaviours and associated preventive methods. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on carcinogen exposure in the workplace and environment through trained field staff from volunteers after gaining informed consent. Data was analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: Participants were exposed to recognized carcinogens and environmental hazards. Thirty-five (83.3%) [95% CI: 72.0- 94.6] participants knew the carcinogen names they were exposed to. Common hygienic practices such as taking a bath and washing work dresses at the workplace, use of detergents to wash hands, and no smoking or eating at the workplace were poor. Twenty-nine (69.0%) [95% CI: 47.0 - 75.0] participants could smell the carcinogenic chemicals they use. Thirty (71.4%) [95% CI: 65.0 - 77.0] participants had been instructed in the use of protective equipment against carcinogens. Participants used preventive devices like hand gloves, laboratory coats, boots, face masks, goggles, ear plugs and respirators. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to carcinogens is common necessitating case-control and cohort studies in this locality on cancer prevalence and incidence.

HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infection among voluntary counselling and testing subjects at a regional hospital in Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS is a major public health problem in Cameroon which had a prevalence of 5.1% in 2010 with 141 new infections per day. The fear of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is an obstacle to HIV prevention. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infection among people attending a health facility for VCT. METHODS: Venous blood was collected from participants using aseptic techniques in a descriptive observational cross-sectional study. DETERMINE HIV-1/2 and SD BIOLINE HIV-1/2 3.0 qualitative tests were used for the detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in their sera. Range and consistency checks were carried out on the data and analysed using Epi-Info. RESULTS: Of 290 individuals tested, 78(26.9%) were positive for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among the 78 HIV positive individuals, 62 (79.5%) had HIV-1, 1(1.3%) had HIV-2 and 15(19.2%) had concurrent HIV-1/ HIV-2. Among those infected, 57(73.1%) were females including 21(26.9%) males. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 is the major cause of AIDS and VCT is well accepted. Co-infection with HIV-1/HIV-2 may lead to anti-retroviral drug resistance. VCT should be encouraged so that positive cases can initiate therapy on time to stay ahead of anti-retroviral drug resistance.

The incidence of feco-oral parasites in street-food vendors in Buea, south-west region Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: The street-food industry lacks legal recognition, it operates in unstable and precarious conditions, involving women and men with minimal or no knowledge of hygienic food handling practices. Infective eggs, bacteria, toxins and cysts of faecal orally transmissible parasites are common agents responsible for food contamination in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of digestive faecal-oral parasites among street-food vendors in Buea, South-west region of Cameroon, METHODS: From March to May 2009, physical and laboratory analysis of stool samples of 150 randomly selected street-food vendors, residing in four different zones in the municipality were carried out. Information on environmental and personal hygiene was also collected. RESULTS: Results revealed that 56.7% of the sampled population was infected with faecal-oral parasites. The major faecal-oral parasites detected in stool samples were: Entamoeba coli (14.0%), Entamoeba histolytica (12.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (11.33%), Ankylostoma duodenalis (10.67%). Childcare activities, lack of deworming, poor personal hygiene, poor sanitary and toilet facilities, were factors promoting the spread of faecal-oral infections. CONCLUSION: Food vendors should be educated on personal hygiene and safe food handling measures. Regulatory procedures on environmental hygiene and regular medical and paramedical follow up of food vendors should be enforced.

A critical review on HIV/AIDS and wound care

Wound infections in AIDS patients increase discomfort; prolong hospital stay; render an additional burden upon an already debilitated patient and weaken the immune system further. Treatment must relate to the aetiology of the wound and take into account the patients underlying health problems. The treatment of wounds in HIV-AIDS patients is not different from the standard treatment. There are wound -related criteria for selecting the appropriate types of dressing. The best dressing for postoperative wound healing by secondary intention is unknown. Continuing wound evaluation and the appraisal of what dressing is useful for the type of wound and stage of healing is the basis of optimum wound care Optimum wound care; emotional support; health education will enhance both the emotional and physical wellbeing of the HIV-AIDS patient

Epidemiological studies on proteeae isolates from clinical specimens in the Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon

The tribe Proteeae is a group of bacteria within the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for most cases of nosocomial infections in hospital settings. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of members of Proteeae from clinical specimens in Laquintinie hospital in Douala. Specimens were collected from patients and screened for Proteeae using standard microbiological and biochemical methods (API 20 Enterobacteriaceae gallery). Of the 3414 clinical specimens made of 2712 urine; 264 blood; 243 CSF and 195 wounds and burns; 1136 (33.3) yielded a positive bacterial growth; of which 230 (20.2) were Gram positive and 906 (79.7) were Gram negative. 164 (14.4) isolates were identified as members of Proteeae of which 110 (67.1) were from urine; 37( 22.6) from wounds and burns; 10(6.1) from blood and 7( 4.3) from CSF. Speciation of the Proteeae isolates showed that 111 (67.7) were Proteus mirabilis; 21(12.8) Proteus vulgaris; 11 (6.7) Providencia alcalifaciens; 6 (3.6) Providencia stuartii; 4 (2.4) Morganella morganii and 5 (3.0) Proteus penneri and Providencia rettgeri. There was a significant difference between the type of clinical specimens and the age of patients (X2 = 52.623 p0.05). Most Proteeae isolates where susceptible to imipemen; ceftazidine; chloramphenicol; gentamicin; nalidixic acid; ofloxacin and amikacin. These findings have significant clinical and epidemiological implications

Schistosomiasis in Cameroon: an assessment of community knowledge pattern.

OBJECTIVE: Schistosomiasis is one of the most widespread of all human parasitic diseases and is a serious health problem in Cameroon despite tremendous efforts by health authorities. The purpose of this study was to determine community knowledge of the infection in order to evaluate control programmes put in place. METHODS: A random sampling method was used to administer questionnaires to 3200 individuals in 80 communities throughout the ten regions of the country. RESULTS: Globally the percentage of persons with good knowledge of schistosomiasis was low (28.8%). Of the 2586 who responded 1311 (50.7%) were females and 1275 (49.3%) were males. There was a statistically significant difference in the community knowledge pattern by gender (chi2 = 157.28, P < 0.05), and persons with good knowledge were more frequent among males than females (61.8% vs. 38.2% P < 0.05). The percentage of people who had good knowledge about the disease was highest in the Far North region (35.4), followed by the North (33.8) and the Southwest (31.1) regions. There was a statistically significant difference in community knowledge pattern of Schistosomiasis by region and gender (chi2 = 1265.648 P < 0.001). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in community knowledge pattern of by setting (chi2 = 38.538 P = 0.001) and the percentage of people who had a good knowledge of the disease was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (72.5% vs. 3.1% P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: was a low community knowledge pattern of schistosomiasis, mostly among the female population and among people living in urban areas. We advocated that health education should be adopted as one of the control strategies by the

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in Cameroon

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan; Toxoplasma gondii; which has a wide geographical distribution. The congenital form results in a gestational form that can present a temporary parasiteamia that will infect the fetus. For this reason early diagnosis in pregnancy is highly desirable; allowing prompt intervention in cases of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant women attending the Douala General Hospital. The study was carried out between March and July 2009; whereby 110 pregnant women were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies and information about eating habits and hygienic conditions was collected using a questionnaire. These women's ages ranged from 20-44 years old with an average of 29.9 years; the overall IgG and IgM seroprevalence was 70and 2.73respectively. Seroprevalence was significantly high amongst women who ate raw vegetables (76.39; P0.05) and there was a significant trend towards a higher seroprevalence in women who did not have a good source of water (75.58; P0.05). This research showed that consumption raw vegetables and poor quality drinking water are two risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst pregnant women attending the Douala General Hospital in Cameroon