ABSTRACT
The alkynylation of various nitrogen- and/or sulphur-containing heterocyclic compounds using hypervalent iodine TMS-EBX by utilization of tertiary amines under mild conditions is described. The developed metal-free methodology furnishes the corresponding alkynylated heterocycles bearing quaternary carbon in high yields.
Subject(s)
Biological Products/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Iodides/chemistry , Iodine/chemistry , Acetylene/chemistry , Alkylating Agents/chemistry , Carbon/chemistry , Drug Design , Hydrogen Bonding , Indicators and Reagents , Indoles/chemistry , Lactones/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Organic Chemicals/chemistry , Oxindoles , Rhodanine/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , TemperatureABSTRACT
The highly stereoselective allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates with ß-ketoesters catalysed by ß-ICD is described. The corresponding products containing two adjacent quaternary and tertiary carbon centers were obtained in good yields with high diastereoselectivity (up to 10 : 1 dr) and enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee).
ABSTRACT
Plants protect themselves from pathogen invasion through the local expression of a variety of pathogenesis-related proteins. They are highly diverse in both primary structure and length, and exhibit different direct antimicrobial activity. This text reviews the knowledge of osmotin, antimicrobial protein involved in innate immunity of plants. Osmotin belongs to the fifth class of the group of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and has been found in different plants species, in every case osmotin is cysteine-rich protein involved in plant defense responses to several pathogens and abiotic stresses. The phylogenetic tree of amino acids compositions of osmotins from different plant species is presented and the basic similarities of clusters are discussed in this review. Osmotin gene is activated by different biotic as well as abiotic signals and has many functions. The review summarizes biochemical and structural properties, induction, functions and structural homology between osmotin and other proteins. Recent data about recombinant production in bacterial and plant cells are examined. The article indicates possible ways of osmotin application in research in the field of functional biology, medicine and agriculture.
