ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To extend the previous study by Schriever and colleagues from 2018 providing normative data and re-investigating the reliability for U-Sniff test in children in additional countries. METHODOLOGY: A total of 388 children (196 boys, 192 girls) from eight countries (China, Germany, Iran, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Paraguay, and Russia) participated in this study. The children were recruited from public local schools in those particular countries. The odor identification ability was evaluated using the U-Sniff test, a 12-item odor identification test developed for children. In addition, reliability was examined using test-retest design in the children for each country. RESULTS: The mean U-Sniff test score across all children was 10.3 +- 1.7 points. Normative data were established. A high test-retest reliability of the U-Sniff test was demonstrated across the eight participating countries. CONCLUSIONS: The U-Sniff test for children exhibits a high test-retest reliability on a global scale.
Subject(s)
Odorants , Smell , Child , China , Female , Germany , Humans , Iran , Male , Netherlands , Norway , Reproducibility of Results , Smell/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of Au@Fe2O3 core-shell nanoparticle (NP), with and without conjugation to folic acid (FA) as a targeting ligand, on radiosensitization of both cancer and healthy cells. METHODS: Au@Fe2O3 NPs were first synthesized, then modified with FA, and finally characterized. Radiation dose enhancement studies were performed on KB cancer cells and L929 healthy cells. NPs at the concentration of 20 µg/ml were first incubated with both cell lines and then different doses of 6 MV X-ray radiation were examined. The end effects were evaluated via MTT assay and flow cytometry using AnnexinV/PI kit. RESULTS: It was indicated that viability of KB cells has a much lower rate than L929 cells when the cells were treated by {(FA-Au@Fe2O3) + (X-ray)} regimen. Cell viability was even decreased significantly when X-ray dose increased. Moreover, flow cytometry studies revealed that FA-targeted NPs induced higher level of apoptosis for KB cancer cells than L929 healthy cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide a new perspective on high ability of the synthesized FA-targeted Au@Fe2O3 NPs which may be considered as an efficient radiosensitizer in the process of targeted radiation therapy of cancer.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Folic Acid/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis/radiation effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Humans , KB Cells , L Cells , Mice , Radiation Dosage , Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/chemistry , Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/toxicity , Radiotherapy , X-RaysABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the effect of low-level lasers on the healing of tympanic membrane perforation, one of the most common otological pathologies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-four guinea pigs were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. One day after the induction of a 2 mm diameter, centred myringotomy in all animals, the tympanic membranes in the experimental group were irradiated with 630 and 860 nm lasers for 10 days. Two weeks later, histological changes in the membranes were evaluated. RESULTS: Tympanic membrane thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration in the tympanic membranes and surrounding tissues were significantly less in the experimental group (p < 0.001). The distance from the external auditory canal wall to the malleus tip did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.42). CONCLUSION: The results show that the combined application of 630 and 860 nm lasers had a significant effect on the healing of tympanic membrane perforation, and on the prevention of thick fibrotic or atelectatic neomembrane formation.
Subject(s)
Low-Level Light Therapy/methods , Tympanic Membrane Perforation/radiotherapy , Wound Healing/physiology , Animals , Guinea Pigs , Male , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Tympanic Membrane/radiation effectsABSTRACT
We aimed to determine the rate of hospital discharge, average length of stay and bed occupancy rate in different hospital wards around the country. The survey consisted of health care service activities from 452 university-related hospitals in the country with a total of 59,348 beds. Because of missing data, the use of 56,315 of these beds was analysed. The countrywide discharge rate was 68.32 patients/1000 population per year with an average length of stay of 3.60 days and a bed occupancy rate of 57.44%. The data could be used to design a framework for prediction of inpatient health care facilities needed in the future.
