Effects of the cyclic training method on aerobic gymnastics / Efeitos do método de treinamento cíclico sobre a ginástica aeróbica / Efectos del método de entrenamiento cíclico en la gimnasia aeróbica

ABSTRACT Introduction: The results of the exercises provide an important parameter for evaluating the impact of aerobic activities on athletes. Cyclic training is believed to perform better due to its combination of functional movements. Objective: Study how cyclic training affects fitness in the performance of aerobic gymnastic movements in its practitioners. Methods: 90 athletes practicing aerobic gymnastics were selected, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups, for a 9-week experiment. While the control group practiced the daily exercises, the experimental group added a cyclic training protocol. Tests were performed before and after the intervention to measure any variation in the athletes' fitness. Results: The rate of ground weight lifting in one minute in the experimental group increased from 16.72±4.98 to 18.37±4.16, the number of lifts per minute was increased from 38.56±8.50 to 39.38±7.35, the number of rope jumps in one minute also increased from 149.90±14.67 to 158.30±11.52, and the gain in the exercise of vertical and horizontal supports in 30 seconds evolved from 16.96±2.21 to 17.33±2.42. The experimental group also achieved significant improvements after the circulation training. In contrast, the changes in the data of both groups in the control group were not as evident as those in the experimental group. Conclusion: The combination of cycling and daily training can effectively improve the functional performance of aerobic gymnasts. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies -investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O resultado dos exercícios fornece um parâmetro importante para a avaliação do impacto das atividades aeróbicas sobre os atletas. Acredita-se que o treinamento cíclico possa desempenhar melhores resultados devido a sua combinação de movimentos funcionais. Objetivo: Estudar como o treinamento cíclico afeta aptidão física no desempenho dos movimentos da ginástica aeróbica em seus praticantes. Métodos: Foram selecionados 90 atletas praticantes de ginástica aeróbica, divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e controle, para uma experiência com duração de 9 semanas. Enquanto o grupo de controle praticou os exercícios cotidianos, ao grupo experimental foi adicionado um protocolo de treinamento cíclico. Testes foram executados antes e após a intervenção para mensurar qualquer variação na aptidão física dos atletas. Resultados: O índice de levantamento de peso terra em um minuto no grupo experimental elevou-se de 16,72±4,98 para 18,37±4,16, a quantidade de levantamentos por minuto foi incrementada de 38,56±8,50 para 39,38±7,35, o número de saltos de corda em um minuto também se elevou de 149,90±14,67 para 158,30±11,52, e o ganho no exercício de apoios verticais e horizontais em 30 segundos evoluiu de 16,96±2,21 para 17,33±2,42. O grupo experimental também obteve melhoras significativas após o treinamento de circulação, enquanto as mudanças de dados dos dois grupos no grupo de controle não foram tão evidentes quanto as do grupo experimental. Conclusão: A combinação do treinamento cíclico ao treinamento diário pode efetivamente melhorar o desempenho funcional dos praticantes de ginástica aeróbica. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El resultado de los ejercicios proporciona un parámetro importante para la evaluación del impacto de las actividades aeróbicas en los atletas. Se cree que el entrenamiento cíclico puede ofrecer mejores resultados debido a su combinación de movimientos funcionales. Objetivo: Estudiar cómo afecta el entrenamiento cíclico a la condición física en la realización de movimientos gimnásticos aeróbicos en sus practicantes. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 90 atletas practicantes de gimnasia aeróbica, divididos aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y grupo control, para un experimento de 9 semanas de duración. Mientras el grupo de control practicaba los ejercicios diarios, al grupo experimental se le añadió un protocolo de entrenamiento cíclico. Se realizaron pruebas antes y después de la intervención para medir cualquier variación en la forma física de los atletas. Resultados: El ritmo de levantamiento de peso en el suelo en un minuto en el grupo experimental aumentó de 16,72±4,98 a 18,37±4,16, la cantidad de levantamientos por minuto se incrementó de 38,56±8,50 a 39,38±7,35, el número de saltos de cuerda en un minuto también aumentó de 149,90±14,67 a 158,30±11,52, y la ganancia en el ejercicio de apoyos verticales y horizontales en 30 segundos evolucionó de 16,96±2,21 a 17,33±2,42. El grupo experimental también obtuvo mejoras significativas tras el entrenamiento circulatorio, mientras que los cambios en los datos de ambos grupos en el grupo de control no fueron tan evidentes como los del grupo experimental. Conclusión: La combinación del entrenamiento en bicicleta con el entrenamiento diario puede mejorar eficazmente el rendimiento funcional de los practicantes de gimnasia aeróbica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of lower limb flexibility exercise on aerobic gymnastics performance / Impactos do exercício de flexibilidade para membros inferiores sobre o desempenho da ginástica aeróbica / Impactos del ejercicio de flexibilidad para los miembros inferiores en el rendimiento de la gimnasia aeróbica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics is a sport that involves a sense of beauty, rhythm and dance, with high artistic expressiveness, characteristics that have favored a strong population adherence. It is believed that the specific flexibility exercise can add a greater visual impact to their artistic movements, raising their competitive performance. Objective: Verify the impacts of lower limb flexibility exercise on the performance of aerobics athletes. Methods: Six aerobics athletes were selected to perform an 8-week experiment, adopting the PNF methodology for training. The impacts on lower limb flexibility were measured before and after the experiment, these data were analyzed and studied statistically. Results: The results of the long jump in the physical quality index of the athletes increased by 0.1209 m; the added value in the two-minute, 10-m backstroke test was 1.46. The movement performance indexes showed expressive increases: flexion increased by 2.62; right angle support increased by 0.78; split leg jump increased by 1.95; standing jump with eyes closed and the foot balance quality index was 4.63. Conclusion: Lower limb flexibility exercise can positively impact the performance of aerobic gymnastics athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A ginástica aeróbica é um esporte que envolve senso de beleza, ritmo e dança, com alta expressividade artística, características que favoreceram uma forte adesão populacional. Acredita-se que o exercício específico de flexibilidade possa adicionar um maior impacto visual aos seus movimentos artísticos, elevando o desempenho competitivo. Objetivo: Verificar os impactos do exercício de flexibilidade dos membros inferiores sobre o desempenho dos atletas de aeróbica. Métodos: Seis atletas de aeróbica foram selecionados para realizar uma experiência de 8 semanas, adotando a metodologia PNF para o treinamento. Os impactos sobre a flexibilidade dos membros inferiores foram aferidos antes e depois do experimento, esses dados foram analisados e estudados estatisticamente. Resultados: Os resultados do salto em distância no índice de qualidade física dos atletas aumentaram em 0,1209 m; o valor agregado no teste de dois minutos e 10 m de recuo foi de 1,46. Os índices de desempenho do movimento apresentaram aumentos expressivos: de flexão teve um aumento de 2,62; apoio em ângulo reto aumentou 0,78; salto de pernas divididas aumentou 1,95; salto de pé com os olhos fechados e o índice de qualidade de equilíbrio dos pés foi de 4,63. Conclusão: O exercício de flexibilidade para membros inferiores pode impactar positivamente o desempenho dos atletas de ginástica aeróbica. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gimnasia aeróbica es un deporte que envuelve un sentido de belleza, ritmo y danza, con alta expresividad artística, características que favorecieron una fuerte adhesión de la población. Se cree que el ejercicio específico de la flexibilidad puede agregar un mayor impacto visual a sus movimientos artísticos, elevando el desempeño competitivo. Objetivo: Verificar los impactos del ejercicio de flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores en el desempeño de atletas de aeróbica. Métodos: Seis atletas de aeróbic fueron seleccionados para realizar un experimento de 8 semanas, adoptando la metodología PNF para el entrenamiento. Los impactos en la flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores fueron medidos antes y después del experimento, estos datos fueron analizados y estudiados estadísticamente. Resultados: Los resultados del salto de longitud en el índice de la calidad física de los atletas aumentaron en 0,1209 m; el valor añadido en la prueba de dos minutos y 10 m de espalda fue de 1,46. Los índices de rendimiento de movimiento mostraron aumentos expresivos: de flexión tuvo un aumento de 2,62; apoyo en ángulo recto aumentó 0,78; salto de pierna dividida aumentó 1,95; salto de pie con los ojos cerrados y el índice de calidad de equilibrio de los pies fue de 4,63. Conclusión: El ejercicio de flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores puede influir positivamente en el rendimiento de los atletas de gimnasia aeróbica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Acid rain-dependent detailed leaching characteristics and simultaneous immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd from hazardous lead-zinc tailing.

In acidic medium, hazardous heavy metals of lead-zinc tailing (LZT) are easily leachable and mobilizable. Thus, the hazard, amount, form, and complexity of the leached heavy metals under acidic precipitation become a major environmental concern. This work investigates the gangue minerals, toxicity, speciation, leaching characteristics of heavy metals in LZT under simulated acid rain, as well as immobilization effects and mechanisms using a sustainable binder. In LZT, dolomite, quartz, calcite, and muscovite are the main gangue minerals, tiny hazardous metallic minerals were absorbed in the surface. The results revealed that Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd were the predominant harmful elements, particularly Pb and Zn. Zn is leached completely and is the concerned hazardous element under simulated acid rain. In the acid rain neutralization ability test, the amount of leachable Pb, Cr, Ca, and Si maintained in equilibrium, leached Zn, Cd, Al, and Mg depended on the addition of acid. Pb and Ca were sedimented in residues. Immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd depended on the stability of Ca(OH)2/C-S-H of hydrates, and 70% LZTHP after curing 7 days can be used for some practical engineering projects. This work opens up deeply understandings for the leached heavy metals under acidic precipitation and improves the sustainable and safe in the field of immobilization of heavy metals.

Enhanced sludge dewaterability by Fe-rich biochar activating hydrogen peroxide: Co-hydrothermal red mud and reed straw.

This study proposed Fe-rich biochar (RMRS-BC) produced by the co-hydrothermal treatment of red mud and reed straw, industrial waste and agricultural waste, as a novel sludge conditioner. It had been proven that heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton reactions occurred during the sludge conditioning process, in which RMRS-BC activated H2O2 to improve sludge dewaterability. Results demonstrated that the optimal condition was 7.5 wt% dry solids (DS) of RMRS-BC at a mass ratio of 1:1 combined with H2O2. The corresponding water content of sludge cakes and the capillary suction time reduction efficiency were 57.88 wt% and 69.76%, respectively. The Fe3O4 supported in the RMRS-BC structure was used as a catalyst to produce heterogeneous reaction, and the Fe2+ leached from the RMRS-BC after acidification happened homogeneous reaction. Double Fenton reaction in sludge conditioning enhanced the production efficiency of ·OH, the sludge flocs were dispersed into smaller particles, more bound water from the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was released, and sludge dewaterability performance was improved. Another main mechanism for enhancing dewaterability was to use RMRS-BC as a skeleton builder to reduce the compressibility of sludge cakes and facilitated free water to flow out. In summary, the Fenton oxidation method activated by RMRS-BC is feasible in improving sludge dewatering.

Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in China's lead-zinc mine tailings: A meta-analysis.

The lead-zinc areas of China have faced serious foulteousqulated heavy metal pollution. In this study, data on As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in China's lead-zinc mine tailings were collected and screened from published literature (2015-2020). The contamination assessments, geographical distributions, and health risk assessments of the eight heavy metals were analyzed. The results revealed that the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceeded the corresponding background values for soils. Moreover, most of the lead-zinc mine tailing areas contaminated by heavy metals were located in the southern and eastern regions of China. The health risk assessment results indicated that oral ingestion was the main exposure route of heavy metals in the mine tailings, and children were more vulnerable to adverse effects. For a single metal, As and Pb presented high non-carcinogenic risks, and As and Cu presented the unacceptable carcinogenic risks. This study provides a timely analysis proving the urgent necessity of the treatment of heavy metal pollution in lead-zinc tailings in China.