In-vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of modified solvent evaporated ethanolic extract of Calocybe indica: GCMS and HPLC characterization.

Recent interest in the utilization of mushroom-based bioactive compounds has increased due to their potential bioactivities and as alternatives in the reduction of high concentrations of chemical utilization. Therefore, we evaluated the physicochemical, functional, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity of the Calocybe indica. The nutritional composition of the mushroom was found to be a good source of proteins (12.48%) and fiber (6.87%). Polysaccharide and protein moiety showed both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains and the sample showed higher water (3.01 g/g), oil binding (2.45 g/g) emulsifying (68.94), and foaming properties (59.39%). Structural characterization revealed the porous and small crystalline structure of the mushroom powder. Ethanolic extract was quantified for total phenolics and flavonoids and revealed 11.1534 ppm caffeic acid, 0.057 ppm syringic acid, 1.6385 ppm p-coumaric acid, and 0.3495 ppm rutin, respectively. Presence of ethyl tridecanoate, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, pentadecanoic acid ethyl ester, undecanoic acid ethyl ester, N, α, α'-trimethyl diphenethylamine, nicotinonitriles, phosphonic acid decyl-, 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, diallyl divinylsilane, 3-phenyl-pyrrolo(2,3-ß) pyrazine was confirmed during GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the mushroom extract showed effective antimicrobial against Gram-positive (23.67 mm) and negative bacteria (20.33 mm) in terms of zone of inhibition. Significantly comparable anti-inflammatory activity was observed for mushroom extract during protein denaturation (43.72-85.69%) and membrane stabilization. In conclusion, the mushroom extract has shown good functional properties and potential bioactivity, therefore, it can be scaled up as an effective food preservative, potential anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent at the industrial level.

Statistical comparative study between the conventional DPPH spectrophotometric and dropping DPPH analytical method without spectrophotometer: Evaluation for the advancement of antioxidant activity analysis.

Recently, new approaches for measuring antioxidant activity have been developed to eliminate or reduce the use of a spectrophotometer. All analytical methods must provide consistent and reliable results, which should be compared with statistical models. Therefore, we compared the conventional and dropping DPPH methods with three widely used standards. We employed and compared with three statistical methods. Good R-squared (R2 = ≥0.96) confirmed the similarity in comparison of using dropping DPPH method compared with the conventional DPPH method and reported lower deviations (ARD = -0.32 to 0.13; RMSD = 0.10 to 1.15). Bland-Altman method (95% CI) demonstrated a good agreement between the two methods using standards and grape extracts (skin and seed). These findings suggested that the dropping DPPH method proved cheaper (without spectrophotometer) and correlated well with the conventional DPPH method. Therefore, this method could be affordably conducted in research laboratories in developing and less developed countries.