[Prevalence of dental caries among 12-year old schoolchildren in the Dakar region]. / Prévalence de la carie dentaire chez les élèves de 12 ans de la région de Dakar.

Oral diseases are considered as major public health problem. Dental caries restricts the school activities and are the dominant cause of dental morbidity. The aims of this survey were to determine prevalence of dental caries among pupils of Dakar and to study their food habits and oral hygiene. A descriptive transversal study was conducted from February 15th to May 07th, 2011 with respect of WHO directives (protocol of 1997) readjusted to Senegalese context. Our results showed a prevalence of 41.8%; a mean DMF index of 0.644; a proportion of teeth decayed of 65%, 32.2% for missing teeth and 2.7% of filled teeth. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that snacking, consumption of sweetened drinks far from meals and brushing teeth before the meals were significantly linked to the presence of dental caries. These results showed that the state of oral health and the prevention level of dental caries among these children were not so good. A new orientation of oral health policy based on messages regarding the main etiologic factors is imperative.

[Oral benefits for the elderly: results of a one-year implementation of the "Sesame" plan in Senegal]. / Prestations bucco-dentaires chez les personnes âgées: bilan d'une année d'application du plan "Sésame" au Sénégal.

Among the 650,000 persons aged 60 and over in Senegal, only 30% were receiving social security coverage, divided between the Senegalese Retirement Providence Institute and the National Retirement Fund. To fill the social demand, the government has put in place since 1 September 2006 a plan called "Sesame" which gives people aged 60 and older, free access to certain health services provided in public health. The implementation of this plan creates a lot of comments in the health community. The objectives of this study were to describe the dental benefits offered and to identify the difficulties perceived and experienced by the service provider after one year the "sesame" plan was implemented in Ouakam Health Center dental office, benchmark place of Gerontology in the Dakar North health district in Senegal. The study included two components: quantitative and qualitative terms, respectively, consisting of a retrospective study from sheets review and an interview with the health center service provider. The beneficiaries were a total of 42, mean age 68 years, including 66.7% men. Just over a third (35.7%) resided outside Ouakam. Almost 4/5 of the beneficiaries have suffered dental extractions on 1 to 10 teeth per beneficiary. The proportions of people receiving dentine treatment and curetage were respectively 4.8% and 2.4%. Qualitative data showed that the implementation of the plan was not shared between providers and beneficiaries. The "Sesame" plan is a commendable initiative to encourage and improve.

[Prevalence of fixed prosthesis-related periodontitis in Senegal]. / Prévalence de la prothèse fixèe et des parodontites apicales associées au Sénégal.

The purpose of this study was to determine radiographically the prevalence of periapical periodontitis in teeth restored with crown in a Senegalese population. Full mouth periapical radiographs were obtained from 208 consecutive adult patients (6234 teeth) presenting as new patients to the Dental Service of the University. The presence of crown restorations, the periapical status and technical quality of root fillings associated were evaluated. 7.69% (n = 16) of patients had at least one tooth that was crowned. The total number of crowns assessed was 0.95% (n = 59). The molars were the teeth most crowned 40.67% (n = 24) followed by anterior teeth 30.50% (n = 18) and premolars 28.81% (n = 17). All the crowned teeth had previous root canal treatment of which only 16.94% (n = 10) were acceptable. 53 % (n = 32) of the teeth had apical periodontitis (PAI > 2). Unacceptable root fillings were associated with a higher prevalence of periapical disease (p < 0.05). Crown with a post extending more than 4 millimetres from the apex were associated with more periapical lesions 64.28% (p < 0.05). The results indicate a low prevalence of crowned teeth, an absence of vital preparation, a high prevalence of radiographic periapical disease and unacceptable root fillings associated.

[Radiographic study of the canal anatomy of mandibular premolars in a Senegalese population]. / Etude radiographique de l'anatomie canalaire des premolaires mandibulaires dans une population Senegalaise.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the canal anatomy of mandiblar premolars in Senegalese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retroalveolar radiographs of mandibular premolars of 208 patients in Senegal were obtained. Two experienced practitioners using a long cone tube and the parallel plane technique with angulators took the radiographs. The canal morphology of each tooth was determined in terms of the number of canals radiologically visible to the apex. Any anatomic structure emanating from the pulp chamber or the principal canal to the apex and measuring more than 3 millimetres was considered to be a supplementary canal. RESULTS: For the 208 patients studied, 412 first premolars were present and 4 were absent.Among the 412 teeth, 335 (81.3%) had a single canal, 62 (15.1%) 2 canals, and 17 (3.6%) 3 canals. For the second premolars 408 were present. Of the 408 teeth, 352 (86%) had one canal, 49 (12%) 2 canals, and 8 (2%) 3 canals. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of two or more canals in premolar mandibular from Senegalese patients was similar to that found in the others ethnic population.

Prevalence and technical quality of root fillings in Dakar, Senegal.

AIM: To examine the prevalence and technical quality of root fillings and the periapical status of root-filled teeth in a subpopulation of Dakar, Senegal. METHODOLOGY: Full-mouth periapical radiographs were obtained from 208 consecutive adults presenting as new patients to the Dental Service of the University. The occurrence and technical quality of root fillings were assessed for each root according to the apical extent of the root fillings and its density. The periapical status was evaluated using the Periapical Index Scoring System with a PAI > 2 indicating periapical disease. The presence of coronal restorations and posts was also noted. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square test with a significance level set at P < 0.05%. RESULTS: Of the 6234 teeth examined, 2.6% were root filled. A PAI > 2 was associated with 56.1% of the filled roots. Only 17.7% of the root fillings were technically acceptable and 26.2% of these were associated with a PAI > 2. In roots with unacceptable root fillings, 62.5% had a PAI > 2. Unacceptable root fillings were associated with a higher prevalence of periapical disease (P < 0.001). A post was seen in 18.9% of the filled roots with 66.2% associated with a PAI > 2. A permanent coronal restoration was present in 78.5% of the filled roots, of which 50.7% had a PAI > 2 vs 75.7% for no permanent restoration. At least one periapical lesion was seen in 59.6% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a low prevalence of teeth with radiographic periapical disease, a low prevalence of root-filled teeth and a high prevalence of unacceptable root fillings.

[Risk behavior associated with the manipulation of dental amalgam in Senegal]. / Etude des comportements à risque liés à la manipulation des amalgames dentaires au Sénégal.

Dental amalgam is a combination of mercury, silver, tin and copper used in the treatment of the dental decays. Amalgam is used in dentistry since many years. Actually a large discussion held according to environmental pollution and risk of intoxication for the patient and the dentist himself. The aim of our survey concerning 103 dentists was to determine the quantity of mercury used in a year, to see the risks linked with the equipment and the manipulation of amalgam and to study the incoming of the trashes of amalgam. Our results showed that among the dentists: 44.66% used 250 to 500 g of mercury by year, 14.56% used their hands for insertion of amalgam in the cavities, 10.68% used their hands for condensation of amalgam in the cavities, 87.38% throw their amalgam on the trash.

[Evaluation in vitro of the antibacterial effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on endocanal bacteria related to the time contact within root canal]. / Evaluation in vitro de l'action antibacterienne de l'hypochlorite de sodium a 2.5% en fonction du temps de contact avec les parois canalaires.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on endocanal bacteria related to the time contact Within root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 110 teeth were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus feacalis. All teeth were irrigated with a same volume and exposed a period ranging 1 to 10 min. Canals were sampled before and after time contact. RESULTS: All time reduced the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference after the time contact of 3 min (p > 0.05). Lack of effectiveness might be caused by irrigant to reach microorganism in dentinal tubules.

[Prevalence and etiologic factors of non-carious cervical lesions. A study in a Senegalese population]. / Prévalence et facteurs etiologiques des lésions cervicales non carieuses. Etude dans une population sénégalaise.

The non carious cervical lesion (NCCL) is a loss of tooth tissue at the neck of affected teeth that is unrelated to tooth decay. They are commonly encountered in clinical practice and present in a variety of forms. The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence of the NCCL in a Senegalese population. From 655 patients, 112 with cervical lesions were identified i.e. a global prevalence of 17.10%. The prevalence rate for abrasion was reported to be 77.70%, 12.50% for abfraction and 9.80% for erosion. Etiological factors were studied for abrasion and erosion. 54% of the patients with abrasion used their toothbrush horizontally. For erosion, only external factors were identified: consumption of acidic drinks (9 patients) or alcohol (1 patient) and professional environment (1 patient). Dentists should consider these lesions in their daily practice.

[Apical foramen position on mesio buccal root of the maxillary first molar. Study in Senegalese population]. / Position du foramen apical au niveau de la racine mésio-vestibulaire de la première molaire supérieure: Etude dans une population sénégalaise.

The maxillary first molar is submitted to frequent endodontic treatment and more over, it presents the highest failure rates, often in relation with his mesio-buccal root. Several studies about failures factors showed implication of root canal anatomy often in relation with the frequency of second canal. However, other failures factors, as the foramen situation, which is very important in endodontic practice, could increase the failure rate. The aim of this study was to determine the foramen situation in Senegalese people. The results showed 63.85% of excentric foramina (83 out of 130). 86% of excentric foramina were located at 1.5mm radiology apex.

[Prevalence of non carious dental lesions in the department of Dakar]. / Prevalence des lesions dentaires non-carieuses dans le departement de Dakar.

Non carious dental lesions are destructions of dental external surfaces originating from non bacterial cause in opposition to dental caries. We distinguish 5 types of non carious dental lesions: attrition, abrasion, abfraction, erosion and demastication. These lesions may be pathological or physiological. Data dealing with them are not very numerous in the literature. Their study shows a real interest in conservative dentistry because of problems both aesthetic and functional they set We carried out an epidemiological trial in the department of Dakar with as aim providing data on the prevalence of these lesions. Our results have disclosed the following rates of prevalence: 60% of attrition, 25,55% of abrasion, 7,22% of abfraction, 5,55% of demastication and 1,68% of erosion. The results indicate once more the importance of the need for clinical evaluation of those dental lesions.

[Asepsis and antisepsis in dental offices in Dakar]. / L'asepsie et l'antisepsie dans les cabinets dentaires de Dakar.

To evaluate hygiene in dental offices in Dakar, the authors questioned 64 public, private and semi-private dentists. From 62 practitioners who completed their questionnaire, it appeared that the dry-heated sterilizer (poupinel) was 5 times more used than the autoclave; The almost practitioners sayed respecting the sterilisation process and 66% of them said wearing gloves, masks and glasses during interventions. In spite of the hope these results give, this study is limited because it doesn't take into account many aspects of asepsis and antisepsis in dental office which require a rigorous application next to a personal who needs to be better trained.

[Clinical study of alveolites and their treatment in multiple practice]. / Etude clinique des alveolites et leur prise en charge en omnipratique.

The alvéolite is an post-extractionnel accident, very frequent, unforeseeable, characterized by a deterioration of the physiological process of formation of the clot and occurring as well at the healthy subject at the degenerate. The objective of this work is to make an exploratory study on the cases of alvéolites which have occurred in three structures of odontological care in Dakar between October 2000 and June 2001. We studied the clinical and therapeutic aspects alveolites among 55 patients having undergone 168 extractions. On the whole 68 cases of alveolites were indexed including 18 suppurées forms and 50 dry forms. The alveolite was occured among 44 women and 11 men and the section of age which most touched ranges between 20 and 29 ans (51 %). The evoked factors etiologic are multiples(taken oral contraceptives, use of vasoconstricteurs. technical of extraction etc?). The treatment is local by type of antiseptic paste and general with base of antibiotic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory. We don't have real coding of the treatment. The prevention remains the best attitude and consists with: - To carry out the acte operational with a rigorous asepsis - To avoid the inopportune instrumental traumatisms - To Irrigate the bone in permnance during the utilisation of rotary instruments.

[Food habits and oral hygiene of students. Investigation of 150 students in university housing]. / Habitudes alimentaires et d'hygiène orale des étudiants. Enquête auprès de 150 étudiants en résidence universitaire.

The objective of this study is to describe the food intake and the oral hygiene habits of 150 Senegalese students living in a university campus. According to Miller, we realised a four days survey. We noted an increase of sugar drinks; tea is the most consumed drink. The results showed also that the toothbrush as means of oral hygiene supplanted the traditional means such as "cure dents" or water rinse with finger.

[Oral hygiene habits and dental caries among students. Investigation of 150 students in university housing in Dakar, Senegal]. / Habitudes d'hygiène orale et situation de la carie dentaire des étudiants. Enquête auprès de 150 étudiants en résidence universitaire à Dakar--Sénégal.

The objective of this study is to describe the oral hygiene habits and the status of the teeth decay of 150 senegalese students living in a university campus. The results showed that the toothbrush as mean of oral hygiene supplanted the traditional means such as "cure dents" or water rinse with finger. Results showed also a high rate decay (60%) but the CAO index remained low (2.04%). We founded an improvement of dental decay status with an increasing daily number of tooth brushing: we noted a decreasing dental plaque deposition rate, a decreasing decay rate and a CAO index remaining low until adult age.

[Pain in pediatric dentistry: etiology and management]. / La douleur en Odontologie pédiatrique: étiologies et prise en charge.

From January 1998 to January 1999, 458 files of 2 to 15 years old patients have been collected to indexthe different causes of pain in pediatric dentistry and to record the treatments applied to face that. It arises from this study that BAUME category II takes up from as far to the first place (77.7 %) followed by the category III (2.3) with a notable difference which nevertheless, can be explained by the transient nature of this category in the child. However, according to our study, pain abolition doesn't exclusively depend on drugs, some surgical procedures are indispensable. At the end of this study, it is to retain that, in spite of the importance typically dental pain, the problem of pain in pediatric dentistry must be approached in a entire sight.

[Delayed root canal therapy. Data on the frequency and complications]. / Le traitement canalaire différé des pulpopathies. Données sur la fréquence et les complications.

This retrospective study of 118 teeth receiving root canal treatment was conducted to determine the frequence and complications of delayed root canal treatment. Teeth were categorised into prompt treatment group and delayed treatment group according to the length time of treatment; prompt treatment group was defined as a group where root canal treatment was achieved within a period of 4 months or less, and delayed treatments group, a group where period of treatment was greater than 4 months or where canals were never obturated. Two types of complications were studied: postobturation pain and fracture involving tooth extration. The results of this study have shown that 34.5% of treatments were delayed. In this group we found also a higher rate of fractures involving tooth extraction, but the difference was not significant. The results have also shown that disappearance of pain was the essential factors in the frequence of delayed treatment, but the dental chair breakdown had some responsability. As well as in the two groups, the first reason of extractions was fracture and not pain. These results emphasize the necessity of focusing the patient's motivation on the risk of losing the tooth.