Risk of severe mood and anxiety disorders in the adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Growing up with parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the risk of mood disorders and of anxiety disorders in the adult children of parents with AUD, adjusted for sociodemographic factors. METHODS: Individual-level register data on the total population were linked to follow children of parents with AUD from 1973 to 2018 to assess their risk of mood disorders and of anxiety disorders. AUD, mood disorders and anxiety disorders were defined with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes from the National Patient Register. HRs of outcomes were calculated with Cox regression. Model 1 was adjusted for the child's sex, parental education and death of a parent. Model 2 was adjusted for those factors and parental diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorder. RESULTS: Those with ≥1 parent with AUD (99 723 of 2 421 479 children) had a higher risk of mood disorder and of anxiety disorder than those whose parents did not have AUD (HR mood 2.32, 95% CI 2.26 to 2.39; HR anxiety 2.66, 95% CI 2.60 to 2.72). The risk remained elevated after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and parental psychiatric diagnosis (HR mood 1.67, 95% CI 1.63 to 1.72; HR anxiety 1.74, 95% CI 1.69 to 1.78). The highest risks were associated with AUD in both parents, followed by AUD in mothers and then in fathers. CONCLUSION: Adult children of parents with AUD have a raised risk of mood and anxiety disorders even after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and parental mood or anxiety disorder. These population-level findings can inform future policies and interventions.

Mortality in adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder: a nationwide register study.

Research suggests that adult children of parents with harmful alcohol use are at increased risk for premature death. This national cohort study investigated mortality in adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder (AUD), adjusting for sociodemographic variables. The study used 1973 to 2018 data from Swedish national registers to compare mortality risk in children who had ≥ 1 parent with AUD (ICD-10 code F10 and its ICD-8 and ICD-9 equivalents) (n = 122,947) and those who did not (n = 2,298,532). A Cox regression model adjusted for year of birth, sex, parental education, and childhood loss of a parent was used. Before the age of 18 years, about 5% of children born in Sweden lived with ≥ 1 parent who had a clinical diagnosis of AUD. Overall mortality was higher in adult children of parents with AUD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71-1.82. Mortality remained elevated after adjustments for sociodemographic factors (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.40-1.50). Children of parents with AUD had increased mortality from all investigated causes. The highest excess risk was for death from drug-related causes (excluding accidental poisonings) (HR 3.08, 95% CI 2.74-3.46). For most causes, mortality was higher if the mother had AUD than if the father had AUD. Patterns of mortality were similar in both sexes. This study provides evidence that parental AUD raises the risk of offspring mortality from preventable causes such as drug use, suicide (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.98-2.36), accident (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.87-2.13), and assault (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.38-2.24).

Initial SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Uptake in a Correctional Setting: Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The largest outbreaks of COVID-19 in the United States have occurred in correctional facilities, and little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine campaigns among incarcerated people. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe a statewide vaccination program among incarcerated people and staff working in a prison setting. METHODS: Between December 2020 and February 2021, the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) offered the opportunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination to all correctional staff and sentenced individuals. Two RIDOC public health educators provided education on the vaccine, answered questions, and obtained consent before the vaccine clinic day for the incarcerated group. All staff received information on signing up for vaccines and watched an educational video that was created by the medical director. Additional information regarding vaccine education and resources was sent via email to the entire RIDOC department. RESULTS: During this initial campaign, 76.4% (1106/1447) of sentenced individuals and 68.4% (1008/1474) of correctional staff accepted and received the vaccine. Four months after the first vaccine was offered, 77.7% (1124/1447) of the sentenced population and 69.6% (1026/1474) of staff were fully vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of vaccine implementation in a carceral setting. Education and communication likely played an important role in mitigating vaccine refusals.

Improving the structure of diabetes care in primary care: A pilot study.

AIM: The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether glycemic control can be improved in patients with type 2 diabetes by implementing a workshop model to improve the structure of diabetes care at primary health care centers (PHCCs). METHODS: The intervention consisted of 4 workshops at 12 PHCCs with HbA1c >70 mmol/mol (high HbA1c). Each PHCC could choose how many workshops they wished to attend and was to be represented by the manager, a diabetes nurse, and a GP. Participants analyzed the structure of diabetes care at their PHCC and developed an action plan to improve it. The percentage of patients with high HbA1c at baseline, 12, and 24 months was collected. Qualitative content analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: All PHCCs reduced the percentage of patients with high HbA1c 12 months after the intervention, but not all maintained the reduction at 24 months. Participants experienced structuring diabetes care as central to reducing the percentage of patients with high HbA1c. Pillars of structured diabetes care included establishing routines, working in teams, and having and implementing an action plan. CONCLUSIONS: Working with the structure of diabetes care improved care structure and had a positive impact on HbA1c. To sustain the positive impact, PHCCs had to set long-term goals and regularly evaluate performance.

Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The prison setting carries unique risks for varicella outbreaks and the disease in adults, particularly those who are immunocompromised, can be life-threatening. In 2016-17, there were three outbreaks of varicella at three different correctional facilities in Rhode Island. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend post-exposure vaccination within three to five days for affected populations however the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) notes the logistical challenges of vaccinating exposed incarcerated individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive analysis was performed for each outbreak along with an overview of the response. Varicella serologies were obtained from the exposed population at each facility and the results compiled for comparative analysis. A literature review was then performed to identify and analyze other reported varicella outbreaks in incarcerated populations. RESULTS: In each outbreak, the sentinel event was an inmate with herpes zoster. In prison A, there were 432 inmates exposed to the virus leading to 5 cases of varicella, while the outbreak in Prison B exposed 46 inmates and led to 3 cases. In Prison C, there was one case of primary varicella and 97 inmates were exposed. DISCUSSION: It is remarkable that there were 3 unrelated outbreaks in a short time and, although corroborating data would be necessary to establish a trend, it may signal an increased risk of varicella transmission within this population. Correctional facilities should remain vigilant and have plans for managing the disease including isolation protocols, serology testing and post-exposure vaccination when indicated. While the BOP does not provide clear recommendations on the use of post-exposure prophylaxis during an outbreak response in this population, the experience in Rhode Island and the review of the literate demonstrate steps that can be taken to facilitate a response including post-exposure vaccination in line with CDC recommendations.

Patients' experiences of motivation, change, and challenges in group treatment for insomnia in primary care: a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients who seek help for insomnia do so in primary health care. Nurse-led group treatment in primary care based on cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) can lead to improvements in both day- and nighttime symptoms. This study aimed to explore patients' experiences of nurse-led group treatment for insomnia in primary health care. METHODS: Seventeen patients who had participated in the group treatment program were interviewed in five focus groups. Interview transcriptions were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged that described patients' experiences of the group treatment program. Involvement and trust open the door for change: Motivation to engage in treatment arose from patients' own desire for change, from being together with others who shared or understood their struggles, and from feeling emotionally affirmed and trustful. Competence arising from deeper understanding: Patients obtained knowledge and made it their own, which enabled them to develop functional sleep habits and let go of sleep performance and worry. The ability to impact their insomnia increased patients' trust in their own efficacy and helped them persist in behavioral change. Struggling with vulnerability and failure: Treatment was tough, and patients could feel challenged by external circumstances. Moreover, they could distrust their own efficacy. Tailoring treatment to individual needs: Patients experienced different life circumstances and adapted the techniques to their needs and abilities by focusing on what felt right for them. CONCLUSIONS: Patients went through a process of motivation, change, and challenges. They experienced certain aspects of treatment as essential to changing behavior and achieving improvements. Examples included being in a group with others who shared similar experiences, gaining knowledge about sleep, keeping a sleep diary, and practicing the sleep restriction technique. The study provides insights into patients' struggles during treatment, both those related to external circumstances and those related to feelings of vulnerability and failure. It also highlights the importance of adapting treatment to patients' differing needs, underscoring the value of person-centered care.

Parental occupation and preterm births: a nationwide epidemiological study in Sweden.

The hypothesis was that some occupations could lead to preterm birth (PTB) because of potential exposures to various agents. The objective in this nationwide follow-up study was to analyse the association between PTB and parental occupational groups, controlling for potential confounders. Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, in which all children born in Sweden from 1990 onward are registered with their parents, were linked to census data. Inclusion criteria for the study population were employment (both women and men) and age >20 years (women). There were 816,743 first singleton live births from 1990 to 2004, of whom 43,956 were PTBs. A total of 7659 of the 43,956 PTBs were very PTBs. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated separately for mothers and fathers to estimate the odds of PTB and very PTB in 51 occupational groups (reference groups: mothers or fathers who were 'Technical, science research-related workers and physicians') and by family income level. Women and men with low family incomes had increased ORs of PTB and very PTB. Significantly increased ORs of PTB (including very PTB) were found in four maternal and nine paternal occupational groups after accounting for family income, geographic region of residence, civil status, smoking habits, maternal age at infant's birth and period of birth. Further studies should examine specific agents in those parental occupations that were associated with increased odds of PTB and very PTB.

Event-related neural activity associated with habit and recollection.

The neural activity associated with conscious recollection and habit was examined using event-related brain potentials. In a training phase, participants learned A-B, A-C word associations in which the probability of specific responses was varied. Once a habit was established, participants studied and were tested on a series of short lists consisting of word pairs seen in training. The process-dissociation procedure was used to estimate the contribution of habit and recollection to memory performance. Habit estimates reflected the probability with which information was presented in training but recollection estimates did not show this effect. Recollection was associated with sustained negativity over the parieto-occipital region, which was opposite in polarity over the frontal regions. Indices of habit strength were associated with a sustained positivity over left fronto-temporal regions and a sustained negativity over right fronto-central regions. Partial-least squares analyses revealed two significant latent variables that distinguished recollection and habit, consistent with the distinction between consciously controlled and automatic influences of memory.