ABSTRACT
The elongase of long chain fatty acids family 6 (ELOVL6) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the elongation of saturated and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids. ELOVL6 is abundantly expressed in lipogenic tissues such as liver, and its mRNA expression is up-regulated in obese model animals. ELOVL6 deficient mice are protected from high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, suggesting that ELOVL6 might be a new therapeutic target for diabetes. We previously identified an indoledione compound, Compound A, as the first inhibitor for mammalian ELOVL6. In this study, we discovered a novel compound, Compound B, and characterized its biochemical and pharmacological properties. Compound B has a more appropriate profile for use as a pharmacological tool compared to Compound A. Chronic treatment with Compound B in model animals, diet-induced obesity (DIO) and KKAy mice, showed significant reduction in hepatic fatty acid composition, suggesting that it effectively inhibits ELOVL6 activity in the liver. However, no improvement in insulin resistance by ELOVL6 inhibition was found in these model animals. Further studies need to address the impact of ELOVL6 inhibition on pharmacological abnormalities in several model animals. This is the first report on pharmacology data from chronic studies using a selective ELOVL6 inhibitor. Compound B appears to be a useful tool to further understand the physiological roles of ELOVL6 and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ELOVL6 inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Drugs, Investigational , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Acetyltransferases/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drugs, Investigational/chemistry , Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Fatty Acid Elongases , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Liver/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred Strains , Molecular Structure , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
A series of benzoxazinones was synthesized and evaluated as novel long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Exploration of the SAR of the UHTS lead 1a led to the identification of (S)-1y that possesses a unique chiral quarternary center and a pyrazole ring as critical pharmacophore elements. Compound (S)-1y showed potent and selective inhibitory activity toward human ELOVL6 while displaying potent inhibitory activity toward both mouse ELOVL3 and 6 enzymes. Compound (S)-1y showed acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles after oral dosing in mice. Furthermore, (S)-1y significantly suppressed the elongation of target fatty acids in mouse liver at 30 mg/kg oral dosing.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Benzoxazines/administration & dosage , Benzoxazines/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Acetyltransferases/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Benzoxazines/chemical synthesis , Benzoxazines/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Fatty Acid Elongases , Fatty Acids/blood , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Male , Mice , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of trans-3-oxospiro[(aza)isobenzofuran-1(3H),1'-cyclohexane]-4'-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized to identify potent NPY Y5 receptor antagonists. Of the compounds, 21j showed high Y5 binding affinity, metabolic stability and brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration, and low susceptibility to P-glycoprotein transporters. Oral administration of 21j significantly inhibited the Y5 agonist-induced food intake in rats with a minimum effective dose of 1mg/kg. This compound was selected for proof-of-concept studies in human clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Benzofurans/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Amides/pharmacology , Animals , Benzofurans/pharmacology , Brain/metabolism , Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism , Drug Stability , Eating/drug effects , Rats , Spiro Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A series of novel 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Screening of our corporate chemical collections against ELOVL6 resulted in the identification of lead 1. Exploratory chemistry efforts were applied to lead 1 to identify the orally available, potent, and selective ELOVL6 inhibitor 28a.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Acetyltransferases/metabolism , Azabicyclo Compounds/chemistry , Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacology , Octanes/chemistry , Octanes/pharmacology , Animals , Azabicyclo Compounds/chemical synthesis , Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Fatty Acid Elongases , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Humans , Liver/enzymology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Octanes/chemical synthesis , Octanes/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of novel dihydrobenzoxathiin derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as potent human histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonists. After systematic modification of lead 1a, the potent and selective histamine H(3) inverse agonist 1-(3-{4-[(2S,3S)-8-methoxy-3-methyl-4,4-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiin-2-yl]phenoxy}propyl)pyrrolidine (5k) was identified. Compound 5k showed good pharmacokinetic profiles and brain penetrability in laboratory animals. After 3mg/kg oral administration of 5k, significant elevation of brain histamine levels was observed in rats where the brain H(3) receptor was fully occupied.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Oxathiins/chemistry , Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Drug Design , ERG1 Potassium Channel , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Chemical , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) catalyzes the elongation of long chain fatty acyl-CoAs and is a potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The ultrahigh throughput screen of our corporate chemical collections resulted in the identification of a novel 3-sulfonyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane class of ELOVL6 inhibitor 1a. Optimization of lead 1a led to the identification of the potent, selective, and orally available ELOVL6 inhibitor 1w.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Octanes/chemical synthesis , Octanes/pharmacology , Sulfones/chemistry , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/pharmacology , Tropanes/chemistry , Tropanes/chemical synthesis , Tropanes/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Fatty Acid Elongases , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Hepatocytes/enzymology , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Male , Mice , Octanes/chemistry , Octanes/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/pharmacokinetics , Tropanes/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Long-chain fatty acid elongases reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for the rate-limiting step of the elongation of long-chain fatty acids. The elongase of long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL) family 6 (ELOVL6) is involved in the elongation of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. Increased expression of ELOVL6 in ob/ob mice suggests a role for ELOVL6 in metabolic disorders. Furthermore, ELOVL6-deficient mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, which suggests that ELOVL6 might be a new therapeutic target for diabetes. As reported previously, we developed a high-throughput screening system for fatty acid elongases and discovered lead chemicals that possess inhibitory activities against ELOVL6. In the present study, we examined in detail the biochemical and pharmacological properties of 5,5-dimethyl-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-2,4-dione (Compound-A), a potent inhibitor of ELOVL6. In in vitro assays, Compound-A dose-dependently inhibited mouse and human ELOVL6 and displayed more than 30-fold greater selectivity for ELOVL6 over the other ELOVL family members. In addition, Compound-A effectively reduced the elongation index of fatty acids of hepatocytes, suggesting that Compound-A penetrates the cell wall and inhibits ELOVL6. More importantly, upon oral administration to mice, Compound-A showed high plasma and liver exposure and potently reduced the elongation index of the fatty acids of the liver. This is the first study to report a potent and selective inhibitor of mammalian elongases. Furthermore, Compound-A seems to be a useful tool to further understand the physiological roles of ELOVL6 and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of an ELOVL6 inhibitor.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Acetyltransferases/metabolism , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fatty Acid Elongases , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Novel indoledione derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as long chain fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) inhibitors. Systematic optimization of an indole class of lead 1 led to the identification of potent ELOVL6 selective inhibitors. Representative inhibitor 37 showed sustained plasma exposure and good liver penetrability in mice. After oral administration, 37 potently inhibited ELOVL6 activity in the liver in mice.
Subject(s)
Acetyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Drug Stability , Enzyme Inhibitors/blood , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Fatty Acid Elongases , Indoles/pharmacology , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Design, syntheses, and structure-activity relationships of a novel class of 2-{3-oxospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidin]-1'-yl}benzimidazole NPY Y5 receptor antagonists are described. The benzimidazole structures were newly designed based on the urea linkage of our prototype Y5 receptor antagonists (2 and 3). By optimizing substituents on the benzimidazole core part of the lead compound 5a, we were able to develop a potent, orally available, and brain-penetrable Y5 selective antagonist (5k).
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Brain/drug effects , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Drug Design , Molecular Structure , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of a novel class of 2-[3-oxospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),1'-cyclohexan]-4'-yl]benzimidazole NPY Y5 receptor antagonists are described. Optimization of the lead compound 2a by incorporating substituents into the 5-position or into both the 5- and 6-positions of the benzimidazole core part led to the identification of 5-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzimidazole (2r: IC(50)=3.3 nM) and 5-(2-methyltetrazol-5-yl)benzimidazole (2u: IC(50)=5.9 nM), both of which are potent, selective, and orally bioavailable Y5 receptor antagonists.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Brain/drug effects , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Drug Design , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Neuropeptide B (NPB) has been recently identified as an endogenous ligand for GPR7 (NPBW1) and GPR8 (NPBW2) and has been shown to possess a relatively high selectivity for GPR7. In order to identify useful experimental tools to address physiological roles of GPR7, we synthesized a series of NPB analogs based on modification of an unbrominated form of 23 amino acids with amidated C-terminal, Br(-)NPB-23-NH(2). We confirmed that truncation of the N-terminal Trp residue resulted in almost complete loss of the binding affinity of NPB for GPR7 and GPR8, supporting the special importance of this residue for binding. Br(-)NPB-23-NH2 analogs in which each amino acid in positions 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 21 was replaced with alanine or glycine exhibited potent binding affinity comparable to the parent peptide. In contrast, replacement of Tyr(11) with alanine reduced the binding affinity for both GPR7 and GPR8 four fold. Of particular interest, several NPB analogs in which the consecutive amino acids from Pro4 to Val(13) were replaced with several units of 5-aminovaleric acid (Ava) linkers retained their potent affinity for GPR7. Furthermore, these Ava-substituted NPB analogs exhibited potent agonistic activities for GPR7 expressed in HEK293 cells. Among the Ava-substituted NPB analogs, analog 15 (Ava-5) and 17 (Ava-3) exhibited potency comparable to the parent peptide for GPR7 with significantly reduced activity for GPR8, resulting in high selectivity for GPR7. These highly potent and selective NPB analogs may be useful pharmacological tools to investigate the physiological and pharmacological roles of GPR7.
Subject(s)
Neuropeptides/chemistry , Neuropeptides/pharmacology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Receptors, Neuropeptide/agonists , Amino Acid Sequence , Cell Line , Cloning, Molecular , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Radioligand Assay , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
1. An experiment was conducted to examine whether a potent, orally active and highly selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist attenuates hyperphagia and obesity in genetically obese Zucker fatty rats. 2. Oral administration of the Y1 antagonist (30 and 100 mg x kg(-1), once daily for 2 weeks) significantly suppressed the daily food intake and body weight gain in Zucker fatty rats accompanied with a reduction of fat cell size and plasma corticosterone levels. 3. Despite the fact that food intake was gradually returned to near the control level, the body weight of the treated animals remained significantly less when compared to that of the controls for the duration of the treatment. 4. These results suggest that the Y1 receptor, at least in part, participate in pathophysiological feeding and/or fat accumulation observed in Zucker fatty rats. Y1 antagonists might be useful for the treatment of obesity.
