ABSTRACT
Humulus japonicus (HJ) is an herbal medicine, which has been reported as being antioxidative and anti-inflammatory. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of oral administration of HJ water extract (HJW) on cognitive function through the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Institute of Cancer Research mice injected with beta-amyloid (Aß) (1-42) (i.c.v.) and APP/PS1 transgenic (TG) mice were orally administered with HJW at 500 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. Aß-injected mice and APP/PS1 TG mice showed cognitive dysfunction, which was evaluated by various behavioral tests. HJW treatment significantly attenuated memory impairments in Aß-injected mice and APP/PS1 TG mice. Aß injection decreased acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. These cholinergic impairments were also found in APP/PS1 TG mice. HJW significantly attenuated cholinergic alterations in Aß-injected mice and TG mice. In addition, HJW significantly decreased Aß plaque deposition in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of TG mice. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that HJW protected against AD-related memory impairments via enhancing the cholinergic system and inhibiting Aß plaque deposition.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Cognitive Dysfunction , Humulus , Animals , Mice , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Acetylcholinesterase , Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism , Choline O-Acetyltransferase/pharmacology , Acetylcholine , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Plaque, Amyloid , Mice, Transgenic , Disease Models, Animal , Hippocampus , Memory Disorders , Water , Cholinergic Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In this study, the effects of Humulus japonicus (HJ) aqueous extract on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and HepG2 cells (in vitro model) as well as on C57BL/6 mice fed on high-fat diet (HFD) (in vivo model) were evaluated. Mice fed on HFD for 12-weeks were taken the HJ water extract (HJW) at various doses, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg, orally for 8 weeks. We have noticed the accumulation of fat globules in preadipocytes and HepG2 cells using Oil Red O staining. In addition, supplementation with HJW considerably inhibited the weight gain, lipid accumulation, and adipogenesis and decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, treatment with HJW improved hyperlipidemia via decreasing the levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoproteins as well as the atherogenic index. Supplementation with HJW could attenuate HFD-induced lipid accumulation, increase the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and would elevate the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in mice liver. The levels of TG and FAS mRNA in HepG2 cells treated with palmitate were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. In sum, HJW could alleviate the HFD-induced obesity and decrease the dyslipidemia profiles; the keys that could contribute to cardiovascular and nonalcoholic liver diseases.
Subject(s)
Anti-Obesity Agents/administration & dosage , Humulus/chemistry , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy , Obesity/drug therapy , Adipogenesis/drug effects , Animals , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Fatty Acid Synthases/genetics , Fatty Acid Synthases/metabolism , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/genetics , Hyperlipidemias/metabolism , Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism , Obesity/genetics , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/physiopathology , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/genetics , Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/metabolism , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
The degree of peptoid helicity can be effectively modulated by position-specific incorporation of α-chiral aromatic monomers. In this study, we report the structural role of each monomer position collected from 30 comprehensive model peptoid oligomers demonstrating a meticulous manner to fine-tune peptoid secondary structures.
