ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly heterogeneous mental disorder that could affect mental capacity and requires different treatment methods. The purpose of this meta-analysis study was to evaluate the OCD subjects' intelligence quotient (IQ) and the effect of different treatments on OCD. METHODS: Through a systematic literature search up to December-2019, 108-studies were identified, with 8049-subjects with 6719-OCD subjects. The studies identified were 45 reporting IQs in OCD and 38 reporting comparisons between selective-serotonin reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs) to placebo in the treatment of OCD, 9 reporting comparison between SSRIs to each other, 8 reporting comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to placebo and 8 reporting comparison between CBT to SSRIs. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated comparison was made according to the study content using a continuous method with a random or fixed-effects model. RESULTS: Subjects with OCD had significantly lower IQ (OR, -3.74; 95% CI, -4.83 to -2.64) than normal subjects. SSRIs (OR, -4.09; 95% CI, -4.87 to -3.30) and CBT (OR, -15.13; 95% CI, -19.27 to -10.99) had better effect than placebo in OCD treatment. No significant difference were found between different types of SSRIs (OR, -0.42; 95% CI, -1.32-0.49) or between CBT and SSRIs (OR, -1.99; 95% CI, -4.20 to 0.22) with non-significant better values favoring CBT. CONCLUSIONS: The IQ of the OCD subjects was significantly lower than in normal subjects. The SSRIs and the CBT had a significant effect on treating OCD. Different SSRIs are similar in their effect on OCD. More studies are required to separate between CBT and SSRIs' insignificant differences.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Combined Modality Therapy , Humans , Intelligence , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/drug therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To examine and compare the expression of transforming growth factor-ß1(TGF-ß1) in rat dental pulp after direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide (CH) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHODS: The model of direct dental pulp capping after first molars was established in 28 female Wistar rats with CH and MTA. The rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, 7, 14,21 and 28 days after direct pulp capping. TGF-ß1 expression in pulp tissues were measured with immunohistochemical staining. The data was analyzed by Dunnett t test and paired t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The results showed that no TGF-ß1 expression was detected in the control group. After direct pulp capping with MTA, TGF-ß1 expression gradually increased and reached peak expression on 5 day. TGF-ß1 expression gradually decreased afterwards and reached normal on 21 day after direct pulp. TGF-ß1 was mainly expressed in neutrophils, odontoblasts cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The expression of TGF-ß1 was significantly different between 2 capping agents 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days after direct pulp capping (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that TGF-ß1 expression increases at first and then decreases after direct pulp capping. The type of capping agents has an impact on the expression of TGF-ß1 after direct pulp capping. MTA enhances more TGFß-1 expression than CH 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after direct pulp capping. Supported by Science and Technology Plan Project of Liaoning Province (2009225001-2).
