Effect of Abiotic Signals on the Accumulation of Saponarin in Barley Leaves in Hydroponics Under Artificial Lights.

Functional flavonoid production is a new agenda in the agricultural industry, and young barley leaves (YBL) are one of the highlighted crops due to their health-beneficial flavonoid, saponarin. For the year-round cultivation of a high saponarin content of YBL, abiotic signal effects on the biosynthesis and metabolism in YBL need to be understood clearly. In this research, the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related abiotic signals, such as light, potassium, and sodium, were investigated on the biosynthetic metabolism in YBL cultivation under artificial lights. A higher quantity of blue-rich white light (6500 K of light temperature) irradiation enhanced ROS levels and the related enzyme activities (APX and CAT), as well as photosynthesis and saponarin amount, while red-rich white light (3000 K of light temperature) increased the photosynthesis only. In addition, 1.0 g L-1 K+ treatment in water slightly reduced ROS levels and increased saponarin accumulation in YBL. These blue-rich light and K+ supplemental conditions relatively increased OGT expression and reduced 4-coumaric acid and isovitexin as saponarin precursors. Furthermore, the relative ratio of lutonarin as an oxidized product of saponarin increased in increments of light quantity. Finally, the abiotic conditions for saponarin production were optimized with the mixture solution treatment of 1.0 g L-1 Na+ and 1.0 g L-1 K+ under 500 PPFD of 6500 K light, and the saponarin amount per leaf was 219.5 µg plant-1; it was comparable amount with that under sunlight condition.

Lateral heterostructures of WS2 and MoS2 monolayers for photo-synaptic transistor.

Von Neumann architecture-based computing, while widely successful in personal computers and embedded systems, faces inherent challenges including the von Neumann bottleneck, particularly amidst the ongoing surge of data-intensive tasks. Neuromorphic computing, designed to integrate arithmetic, logic, and memory operations, has emerged as a promising solution for improving energy efficiency and performance. This approach requires the construction of an artificial synaptic device that can simultaneously perform signal processing, learning, and memory operations. We present a photo-synaptic device with 32 analog multi-states by exploiting field-effect transistors based on the lateral heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) WS2 and MoS2 monolayers, formed through a two-step metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process. These lateral heterostructures offer high photoresponsivity and enhanced efficiency of charge trapping at the interface between the heterostructures and SiO2 due to the presence of the WS2 monolayer with large trap densities. As a result, it enables the photo-synaptic transistor to implement synaptic behaviors of long-term plasticity and high recognition accuracy. To confirm the feasibility of the photo-synapse, we investigated its synaptic characteristics under optical and electrical stimuli, including the retention of excitatory post-synaptic currents, potentiation, habituation, nonlinearity factor, and paired-pulse facilitation. Our findings suggest the potential of versatile 2D material-synapse with a high density of device integration.

Simulational investigation of self-aligned bilayer linear grating enabling highly enhanced responsivity of MWIR InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) photodetector.

Linear gratings polarizers provide remarkable potential to customize the polarization properties and tailor device functionality via dimensional tuning of configurations. Here, we extensively investigate the polarization properties of single- and double-layer linear grating, mainly focusing on self-aligned bilayer linear grating (SABLG), serving as a wire grid polarizer in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) region. Computational analyses revealed the polarization properties of SABLG, highlighting enhancement in TM transmission and reduction in TE transmission compared to single-layer linear gratings (SLG) due to optical cavity effects. As a result, the extinction ratio is enhanced by approximately 2724-fold in wavelength 3-6 µm. Furthermore, integrating the specially designed SABLG with an MWIR InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattice (T2SL) photodetector yields a significantly enhanced spectral responsivity. The TM-spectral responsivity of SABLG is enhanced by around twofold than the bare device. The simulation methodology and analytical analysis presented herein provide a versatile route for designing optimized polarimetric structures integrated into infrared imaging devices, offering superior capabilities to resolve linear polarization signatures.

Heteronanostructured Field-Effect Transistors for Enhancing Entropy and Parameter Space in Electrical Unclonable Primitives.

Hardware security is not a new problem but is ever-growing in consumer and medical domains owing to hyperconnectivity. A physical unclonable function (PUF) offers a promising hardware security solution for cryptographic key generation, identification, and authentication. However, electrical PUFs using nanomaterials or two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) often have limited entropy and parameter space sources, both of which increase the vulnerability to attacks and act as bottlenecks for practical applications. We report an electrical PUF with enhanced entropy as well as parameter space by incorporating 2D TMDC heteronanostructures into field-effect transistors (FETs). Lateral heteronanostructures of 2D molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide serve as a potent entropy source. The variable feature of FETs is further leveraged to enhance the parameter space that provides multiple challenge-response pairs, which are essential for PUFs. This combination results in stably repeatable yet highly variable FET characteristics as alternative electrical PUFs. Comprehensive PUF performance analyses validate the bit uniformity, reproducibility, uniqueness, randomness, false rates, and encoding capacity. The 2D material heteronanostructure-driven electrical PUFs with strong FET-to-FET variability can potentially be augmented as an immediately deployable and scalable security solution for various hardware devices.

Natural-Language-Driven Multimodal Representation Learning for Audio-Visual Scene-Aware Dialog System.

With the development of multimedia systems in wireless environments, the rising need for artificial intelligence is to design a system that can properly communicate with humans with a comprehensive understanding of various types of information in a human-like manner. Therefore, this paper addresses an audio-visual scene-aware dialog system that can communicate with users about audio-visual scenes. It is essential to understand not only visual and textual information but also audio information in a comprehensive way. Despite the substantial progress in multimodal representation learning with language and visual modalities, there are still two caveats: ineffective use of auditory information and the lack of interpretability of the deep learning systems' reasoning. To address these issues, we propose a novel audio-visual scene-aware dialog system that utilizes a set of explicit information from each modality as a form of natural language, which can be fused into a language model in a natural way. It leverages a transformer-based decoder to generate a coherent and correct response based on multimodal knowledge in a multitask learning setting. In addition, we also address the way of interpreting the model with a response-driven temporal moment localization method to verify how the system generates the response. The system itself provides the user with the evidence referred to in the system response process as a form of the timestamp of the scene. We show the superiority of the proposed model in all quantitative and qualitative measurements compared to the baseline. In particular, the proposed model achieved robust performance even in environments using all three modalities, including audio. We also conducted extensive experiments to investigate the proposed model. In addition, we obtained state-of-the-art performance in the system response reasoning task.

Structural insights into ubiquitin chain cleavage by Legionella ovarian tumor deubiquitinases.

Although ubiquitin is found only in eukaryotes, several pathogenic bacteria and viruses possess proteins that hinder the host ubiquitin system. Legionella, a gram-negative intracellular bacterium, possesses an ovarian tumor (OTU) family of deubiquitinases (Lot DUBs). Herein, we describe the molecular characteristics of Lot DUBs. We elucidated the structure of the LotA OTU1 domain and revealed that entire Lot DUBs possess a characteristic extended helical lobe that is not found in other OTU-DUBs. The structural topology of an extended helical lobe is the same throughout the Lot family, and it provides an S1' ubiquitin-binding site. Moreover, the catalytic triads of Lot DUBs resemble those of the A20-type OTU-DUBs. Furthermore, we revealed a unique mechanism by which LotA OTU domains cooperate together to distinguish the length of the chain and preferentially cleave longer K48-linked polyubiquitin chains. The LotA OTU1 domain itself cleaves K6-linked ubiquitin chains, whereas it is also essential for assisting the cleavage of longer K48-linked polyubiquitin chains by the OTU2 domain. Thus, this study provides novel insights into the structure and mechanism of action of Lot DUBs.

Effect of Measurement System Configuration and Operating Conditions on 2D Material-Based Gas Sensor Sensitivity.

Gas sensors applied in real-time detection of toxic gas leakage, air pollution, and respiration patterns require a reliable test platform to evaluate their characteristics, such as sensitivity and detection limits. However, securing reliable characteristics of a gas sensor is difficult, owing to the structural difference between the gas sensor measurement platform and the difference in measurement methods. This study investigates the effect of measurement conditions and system configurations on the sensitivity of two-dimensional (2D) material-based gas sensors. Herein, we developed a testbed to evaluate the response characteristics of MoS2-based gas sensors under a NO2 gas flow, which allows variations in their system configurations. Additionally, we demonstrated that the distance between the gas inlet and the sensor and gas inlet orientation influences the sensor performance. As the distance to the 2D gas sensor surface decreased from 4 to 2 mm, the sensitivity of the sensor improved to 9.20%. Furthermore, when the gas inlet orientation was perpendicular to the gas sensor surface, the sensitivity of the sensor was the maximum (4.29%). To attain the optimum operating conditions of the MoS2-based gas sensor, the effects of measurement conditions, such as gas concentration and temperature, on the sensitivity of the gas sensor were investigated.

Highly Sensitive and Cost-Effective Polymeric-Sulfur-Based Mid-Wavelength Infrared Linear Polarizers with Tailored Fabry-Pérot Resonance.

Inverse-vulcanized polymeric sulfur has received considerable attention for application in waste-based infrared (IR) polarizers with high polarization sensitivities, owing to its high transmittance in the IR region and thermal processability. However, there have been few reports on highly sensitive polymeric sulfur-based polarizers by replication of pre-simulated dimensions to achieve a high transmission of the transverse magnetic field (TTM ) and extinction ratio (ER). Herein, a 400-nanometer-pitch mid-wavelength infrared bilayer linear polarizer with self-aligned metal gratings is introduced on polymeric sulfur gratings integrated with a spacer layer (SM-polarizer). The dimensions of the SM-polarizer can be closely replicated using pre-simulated dimensions via a systematic investigation of thermal nanoimprinting conditions. Spacer thickness is tailored from 40 to 5100 nm by adjusting the concentration of polymeric sulfur solution during spin-coating. A tailored spacer thickness can maximize TTM in the broadband MWIR region by satisfying Fabry-Pérot resonance. The SM-polarizer yields TTM of 0.65, 0.59, and 0.43 and ER of 3.12 × 103 , 5.19 × 103 , and 5.81 × 103 at 4 µm for spacer thicknesses of 90, 338, and 572 nm, respectively. This demonstration of a highly sensitive and cost-effective SM-polarizer opens up exciting avenues for infrared polarimetric imaging and for applications in polarization manipulation.

Effective Transfer Learning with Label-Based Discriminative Feature Learning.

The performance of natural language processing with a transfer learning methodology has improved by applying pre-training language models to downstream tasks with a large number of general data. However, because the data used in pre-training are irrelevant to the downstream tasks, a problem occurs in that it learns general features rather than those features specific to the downstream tasks. In this paper, a novel learning method is proposed for embedding pre-trained models to learn specific features of such tasks. The proposed method learns the label features of downstream tasks through contrast learning using label embedding and sampled data pairs. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on sentence classification datasets and evaluated whether the features of the downstream tasks have been learned through a PCA and a clustering of the embeddings.

S/Mo ratio and petal size controlled MoS2 nanoflowers with low temperature metal organic chemical vapor deposition and their application in solar cells.

Vertically aligned two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (MoS2 NFs) have drawn considerable attention as a novel functional material with potential for next-generation applications owing to their inherently distinctive structure and extraordinary properties. We report a simple metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method that can grow high crystal quality, large-scale and highly homogeneous MoS2 NFs through precisely controlling the partial pressure ratio of H2S reaction gas, P SR, to Mo(CO)6 precursor, P MoP, at a substrate temperature of 250 °C. We investigate microscopically and spectroscopically that the S/Mo ratio, optical properties and orientation of the grown MoS2 NFs can be controlled by adjusting the partial pressure ratio, P SR/P MoP. It is also shown that the low temperature MOCVD (LT-MOCVD) growth method can regulate the petal size of MoS2 NFs through the growth time, thereby controlling photoluminescence intensity. More importantly, the MoS2 NFs/GaAs heterojunction flexible solar cell exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of ∼1.3% under air mass 1.5 G illumination demonstrates the utility of the LT-MOCVD method that enables the direct growth of MoS2 NFs on the flexible devices. Our work can pave the way for practical, easy-to-fabricate 2D materials integrated flexible devices in optical and photonic applications.

Three-dimensional measurement of the course of the radial nerve at the posterior humeral shaft: An in vivo anatomical study.

PURPOSE: Iatrogenic radial nerve injury caused by surgical exposure of the humerus is a serious complication. We aimed to describe the course of the radial nerve at the posterior humeral shaft using a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique by utilizing computed tomography (CT) images of living subjects. We hypothesized that the course of the radial nerve in the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft would be reliably established using this technique and the measurements would have satisfactory intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities. METHODS: This in vivo anatomical study utilized 652 upper extremity CT angiography images from 326 patients. A 3D modeling of the humerus and radial nerve was performed. We evaluated the segment of the radial nerve that lays directly on the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft and measured its proximal point, mid, and distal points. The shortest distances from the olecranon fossa to these points were defined as R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The relationships between these parameters and humeral length (HL) and transcondylar length (TL) were evaluated, and the intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities of these parameters were measured. RESULTS: The HL was 293.6 mm, and TL was 58.64 mm on average. The R1 measured 159.2 (range 127.1-198.2) mm, R2 was 136.6 (105.7-182.5), and R3 was 112.8 (76.8-150.0) mm on average (p < .001). The intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. CONCLUSION: The course of the radial nerve at the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft can be reliably established using the 3D reconstruction technique, and all measurements had excellent intraobserver/interobserver reliability.

Closure of Persistent, Small, Posterior Elbow Soft Tissue Defects Using a Rotation Flap: A Retrospective Study.

Treating soft tissue defects occurring over the posterior elbow is challenging. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of using rotation flaps for soft tissue defects over the posterior elbow. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted among patients who had sustained posterior elbow defects and underwent rotation flap under local anesthesia between January 2, 2011, and December 31, 2014. Patient inclusion criteria stipulated the soft tissue defect had to be small (<12 cm2), was the result of wound dehiscence following posterior approach surgery immediately following trauma, and had failed to heal using nonsurgical treatment or primary closure. Patients with an active infection, malignancies, a defect of any etiology other than trauma, or incomplete operative data were excluded. Patient demographics, medical history, operative reports, and outcomes were abstracted. Flap failure and surgical complications were monitored for a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Range of motion (ROM; 0˚ to normal 130˚) and Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (MEPS) were evaluated and recorded before surgery and after 2 years' follow-up and included evaluating pain, ROM, stability, and daily function. Patient, wound, surgical, and wound healing variables were compared between the flap survival and flap failure/complication groups using Mann-Whitney U and chi-squared tests. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and postoperative MEPS and elbow ROM. RESULTS: Thirty (30) patients (13 male, 17 female; mean age 55 ± 15.6 [range 19-74] years) had complete records. Eighteen (18) flaps were created using the transolecranon approach, and 12 rotation flaps involved an olecranon fracture; 24 flaps survived and 6 patients experienced flap failure/complications (wound dehiscence or infection). Mean procedure duration was 25.6 ± 10.1 minutes. All defects were located over the olecranon with exposed bone or hardware. Mean defect size was 7.4 cm2 ± 2.9 cm2, the average defect duration was 60.4 (range 31-89) days, average time to wound healing was 21.9 ± 11.5 days, and mean follow-up time was 29.4 (range 24-56) months. All flaps successfully survived without recurrence. Mean pre- and postoperative MEPS were significantly different (56.4 vs. 90.2 points; P <.001). ROM did not differ significantly between mean preoperative range (extension 9.8˚ ± 3.2˚ and flexion 116.7˚ ± 10.2˚) and mean final follow-up range (extension 9.6˚ ± 2.6˚ and flexion 118.5˚ ± 11.3˚; P = .459). CONCLUSION: Rotation flap surgery performed under local anesthesia may offer a simple and safe option in the treatment of small (<12 cm2) trauma-related defects over the posterior elbow. More research is needed to develop evidence-based guidelines for optimal approaches to posterior elbow soft tissue defect closure techniques.

Open cubital and carpal tunnel release using wide-awake technique: reduction of postoperative pain.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of and patient satisfaction with the wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in open cubital and carpal tunnel release surgery. METHODS: From January 2016 to February 2017, 20 cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) patients were in a wide-awake (WA) group and 22 in a general (GA) anesthesia group in . Also, 20 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients were in a WA group, 22 in a local anesthesia (LA) group, and 20 in a GA group. Injection pain, perioperative pain, and postoperative pain were assessed using a 10-point pain VAS. In CuTS, functional outcome on the "quick" Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire were evaluated. In CTS, subjective outcomes were assessed using the Korean version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. RESULTS: Both CuTS and CTS showed significant postoperative pain reduction in group WA. In CuTS, group WA had less pain than group GA up to 48 hours after surgery (P<0.05). Supplemental opioid injections were used on hospitalization day by 12% of group WA and 35% of group GA. In CTS, the postoperative VAS scores in group WA were lower during the first 24 hours than groups LA and GA (P<0.05). Opioid injections were used on hospitalization day by 5% of WA, 18% of LA, and 32% of group GA. There was no difference in postoperative functional outcomes according to anesthesia method in CuTS or CTS. CONCLUSION: Cubital and carpal tunnel surgery using the WALANT technique was comparable in function to other anesthesia methods and superior for pain. Immediate postoperative pain was much lower than other groups, which could reduce the use of opioids during hospitalization.

Development of in-situ particle monitor with beam homogenizing module for enhancement of nanoparticle countering efficiency.

An in situ particle monitor (ISPM) was developed to measure the concentration of several hundred nanosized contaminant particles generated from the semiconductor process. It is difficult to measure particles below 300 nm owing to low sensitivity and reliability. To improve the sensitivity and reduce the uncertainty caused by the Gaussian distribution of laser, a beam homogenizing module was applied to transform the Gaussian beam into a flat-top beam by total internal reflection. The performance of the beam-homogenizing ISPM was evaluated by measuring standard polystyrene latex particles in vacuum. We analyzed the measurement efficiency by a comparative evaluation with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Following this, the count of particles generated from the exhaust line of a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process was measured for real-time process diagnosis.

Skin graft using MatriDerm® for plantar defects after excision of skin cancer.

Skin cancer should be excised with sufficient margin to reduce recurrence rate. However, the surgeon always has to worry about the reconstruction method of skin defects after excision. In particular, defects in the plantar surface of the foot are difficult to reconstruct due to their position and structure, and various methods are applied by each surgeon. Surgeons think which methods are easier to apply to patients and less morbidity. To alleviate these concerns, we applied artificial dermal substitute to skin defects after skin cancer. Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) and melanoma in situ on the plantar surface of the foot were subjected to wide excision with sufficient margin. After excision, a skin defect with exposed plantar fascia was applied with a matrix defect and vacuum. A granulation tissue (dermal matrix) was formed and a split-thickness skin graft was performed. Both patients had good functional results and no problems with skin donor sites. Thus, we report a skin graft method that is relatively easy to apply after skin cancer excision on the plantar surface of the foot.

van der Waals Epitaxy of High-Mobility Polymorphic Structure of Mo6Te6 Nanoplates/MoTe2 Atomic Layers with Low Schottky Barrier Height.

High contact resistance between two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and metal electrodes is a practical barrier for applications of 2D TMDs to conventional devices. A promising solution to this is polymorphic integration of 1T'-phase semimetallic and 2H-phase semiconducting TMD crystals, which can lower the Schottky barrier of the TMDs. Here, we demonstrate the van der Waals epitaxy of density-controlled single isolated 1T'-Mo6Te6 nanoplates on 2H-MoTe2 atomic layers by using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Importantly, in situ grown 1T'-Mo6Te6 nanoplates significantly reduce the contact resistance of the 2H-MoTe2 atomic layers, providing a record high mobility of 1139 cm2/V·s for Pd/1T'-Mo6Te6/2H-MoTe2 back-gated field-effect transistors, along with a low Schottky barrier height ( qϕb) of 8.7 meV. These results lead to the possibility of ameliorating the high contact resistance faced by other TMDs and, furthermore, offer polymorphic structures for realizing higher-mobility TMD devices.

The peroneal strength deficits in patients with chronic ankle instability compared to ankle sprain copers and normal individuals.

BACKGROUND: Despite a consensus regarding the correlation of peroneal strength deficit with chronic ankle instability (CAI), there are conflicting reports in regards to peroneal strength as assessed by isokinetic dynamometer in patients with CAI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of isokinetic strength in patients with CAI compared to ankle sprain copers and normal individuals. METHODS: Forty-two patients (CAI group) with chronic ankle instability who were scheduled for the modified Broström procedure met inclusion criteria. Thirty-one ankle sprain copers (ASC group) who were eligible at 6 months after acute injury and 30 controls were recruited. The muscle strength associated with four motions of the ankle were evaluated using isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: Peak torque for inversion and eversion at 60°/s angular velocity were significantly lower in the CAI group compared to the ASC and control group (P=.004, P<.001, respectively). Deficit ratio of peak torque for eversion at 60°/s and 120°/s in the CAI group were 33.8% and 19.8%, respectively, which indicated significant side to side differences (both P<.001). The evertor/invertor strength ratio (0.59) for eversion at 60°/s was significantly lower in the CAI group (P<.001). CONCLUSION: As compared to the ankle sprain copers and normal individuals, patients with chronic ankle instability who were scheduled for modified Broström procedure demonstrated a significant weakness of isokinetic peroneal strength. Isokinetic muscular assessment can provide the useful preoperative informations regarding functional ankle instability focusing on peroneal weakness.

An Efficient Framework for Development of Task-Oriented Dialog Systems in a Smart Home Environment.

In recent times, with the increasing interest in conversational agents for smart homes, task-oriented dialog systems are being actively researched. However, most of these studies are focused on the individual modules of such a system, and there is an evident lack of research on a dialog framework that can integrate and manage the entire dialog system. Therefore, in this study, we propose a framework that enables the user to effectively develop an intelligent dialog system. The proposed framework ontologically expresses the knowledge required for the task-oriented dialog system's process and can build a dialog system by editing the dialog knowledge. In addition, the framework provides a module router that can indirectly run externally developed modules. Further, it enables a more intelligent conversation by providing a hierarchical argument structure (HAS) to manage the various argument representations included in natural language sentences. To verify the practicality of the framework, an experiment was conducted in which developers without any previous experience in developing a dialog system developed task-oriented dialog systems using the proposed framework. The experimental results show that even beginner dialog system developers can develop a high-level task-oriented dialog system.

Supracondylar process syndrome: two cases of median nerve neuropathy due to compression by the ligament of Struthers.

The supracondylar process is a beak-shaped bony process on the anteromedial aspect of the distal humerus. The ligament of Struthers is a fibrous band extending from the tip of the process to the medial epicondyle. The median nerve and brachial artery pass under the ligament of Struthers and consequently can be compressed, causing supracondylar process syndrome. As a rare cause of proximal median nerve entrapment, supracondylar process syndrome is triggered when the median nerve is located in the superficial or deep layer of the ligament of Struthers as a result of anatomical variation. The supracondylar process can be easily detected on X-ray images obtained in oblique views but may not be identified in only anteroposterior or lateral views. In this article, we present 2 cases of supracondylar process syndrome and describe the process of diagnosis and treatment and results of a literature review.

Structural defects in a nanomesh of bulk MoS2 using an anodic aluminum oxide template for photoluminescence efficiency enhancement.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene have attracted considerable interest because of the zero bandgap drawbacks of graphene. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS2 and WSe2, are the potential candidates for next 2D materials because atomically thin layers of TMDs exhibit unique and versatile electrical and optical properties. Although bulk TMDs materials have an indirect bandgap, an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition is observed in monolayers of TMDs (MoS2, WSe2, and MoSe2). Optical properties of TMD films can be improved by the introduction of structural defects. For example, large-area spatial tuning of the optical transition of bulk MoS2 films is achieved by using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template to induce structural defects such as edge- and terrace-terminated defects in a nanomesh structure. Strong photoluminescence emission peaks with a band gap of 1.81 eV are observed, possibly because of radiative transition at the defect sites. This work shows that the AAO template lithography method has potential for the production of homogenous large-scale nanomesh structures for practical semiconductor processing applications in future MoS2-based electronic and optical devices.