Membrane Protein Modification Modulates Big and Small Extracellular Vesicle Biodistribution and Tumorigenic Potential in Breast Cancers In Vivo.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to mediate intercellular communication under pathological and physiological conditions. While small EVs (sEVs; <100-200 nm, exosomes) are intensely investigated, the properties and functions of medium and large EVs (big EVs (bEVs); >200 nm, microvesicles) are less well explored. Here, bEVs and sEVs are identified as distinct EV populations, and it is determined that bEVs are released in a greater bEV:sEV ratio in the aggressive human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. PalmGRET, bioluminescence-resonance-energy-transfer (BRET)-based EV reporter, reveals dose-dependent EV biodistribution at nonlethal and physiological EV dosages, as compared to lipophilic fluorescent dyes. Remarkably, the bEVs and sEVs exhibit unique biodistribution profiles, yet individually promote in vivo tumor growth in a syngeneic immunocompetent TNBC breast tumor murine model. The bEVs and sEVs share mass-spectrometry-identified tumor-progression-associated EV surface membrane proteins (tpEVSurfMEMs), which include solute carrier family 29 member 1, Cd9, and Cd44. tpEVSurfMEM depletion attenuates EV lung organotropism, alters biodistribution, and reduces protumorigenic potential. This study identifies distinct in vivo property and function of bEVs and sEVs in breast cancer, which suggest the significant role of bEVs in diseases, diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Endoscopic transoral approach nasopharyngectomy for petroclival and jugular foramen nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To describe a technique of endoscopic transoral approach nasopharyngectomy for petroclival and jugular foramen nasopharyngeal carcinoma, based on anatomic studies and surgeries. Methods: Three dry human skulls and five fresh human cadaver heads were used for anatomic study of a endoscopic transoral approach to expose petroclival and jugular foramen. The anatomical landmarks and the extent of exposure were recorded. Six clinical cases who were treated in Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University from June 2020 to April 2022 were used to illustrate the technique and feasibility of this approach and to assess its indications and advantages, including 3 males and 3 females, aged 42 to 69 years old. Descriptive analysis was used in this research. Results: On the basis of the preservation of the internal pterygoid muscle and the external pterygoid muscle, this approach could fully expose the parapharyngeal, petrosal and paraclival segment internal carotid arteries, and safely deal with the lesions of jugular foramen and petroclival region. The 6 patients in our study tolerated the procedure well. Postoperative enhanced MRI showed complete resection of the tumor and no postoperative masticatory dysfunction. Conclusion: Endoscopic transoral approach is a safe, minimally invasive and effective surgical treatment for petroclival and jugular foramen recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The electrophysiological features of patients with anti-neurofascin 155 IgG4 antibodies positive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To investigate the electrophysiological features of patients with anti-neurofascin 155 (NF155) IgG4 antibodies positive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).Methods:The electrophysiological data of 6 anti-NF155 IgG4 antibodies positive CIDP patients in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2018 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Parameters studies included standard motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, electromyography (EMG) and F waves studies. Correlation analysis was made to explore the relationships between clinical indicators and electrophysiological data.Results:There was statistically significant difference in the motor nerve conduction study on abnormal rate of tibial nerve (χ 2=11.08, P=0.011). Motor nerve conduction abnormalities were presented in a majority of patients with decreased motor conduction velocity (MCV) and prolonged distal motor latency (DML). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall abnormal rate between lower limbs and upper limbs (30/32, 93.8% vs 22/22, 100.0%; χ 2=1.43, P=0.508), sensory nerve conduction and motor nerve conduction (52/54, 96.3% vs 42/42, 100.0%; χ 2=1.59, P=0.503). There was statistically significant difference in the overall abnormal rate in median nerve, ulnar nerve and sural nerve (χ 2=14.96, P=0.001;χ 2=10.00, P=0.007; χ 2=9.95, P=0.008),and absent sensory nerve action potential was the most common abnormality in sensory nerve conduction abnormalities. The abnormal rate of EMG was 9/14, which was constituted by upper limbs (4/8) and lower limbs (5/6), and the spontaneous activity accompanied with prolonged duration and increased amplitude of motor unit action potential was common. Significant negative correlations were established between disease duration and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and negative area of ulnar nerve ( r=-0.84, P=0.036; r =-0.76, P=0.011), and the correlations between age and MCV of median nerve and ulnar nerve were also found ( r=0.89, P=0.019; r=0.95, P=0.003). The DML of median nerve was negatively correlated with CMAP amplitude ( r=-0.63, P=0.049). Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed associations of the F wave latency with the DML, CMAP amplitude and MCV of tibial nerve ( r= 0.90, P=0.039; r=-0.96, P=0.012; r=-0.96, P=0.010). Conclusions:The motor nerve and sensory nerve, the myelin sheath and axon of peripheral nerves in anti-NF155 IgG4 CIDP patients were largely affected. The CMAP amplitude and negative area of ulnar nerve might be of certain clinical value in reflecting the disease duration.The younger the patients, the more severe the demyelination degree of the upper limbs. The F wave latency of tibial nerve not only reflected the abnormal proximal conduction, but also the distal damage degree of myelin sheath and axon.

Quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in Sanpian Decoction / 中国中药杂志

According to the polarity of different components in Sanpian Decoction, two fingerprints were established. Then the substance benchmark freeze-dried powder of 15 batches of Sanpian Decoction was prepared, followed by the determination of the fingerprints, index component content, and dry extract rates, the identification of attribution of characteristic peaks, and the calculation of similarities between these fingerprints and the reference(R), the content and transfer rate ranges of ferulic acid, sinapine thiocyanate, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid, and the dry extract rate range. The results showed that the similarities of 15 batches of the substance benchmark fingerprints with R were all greater than 0.900.Further summarization of the characteristic peaks revealed that there were a total of 20 characteristic peaks in fingerprint 1, among which, eight were from Sinapis Semen, four from Paeoniae Radix Alba, six from Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and two from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. A total of 16 characteristic peaks were observed in fingerprint 2, including one from Sinapis Semen, three from Paeoniae Radix Alba, eight from Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and four from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The average dry extract rate of 15 batches of substance benchmarks was 18.25%, with a dry extract rate range of 16.28%-20.76%. The index component content and transfer rate ranges were listed as follows: 0.15%-0.18% and 38.81%-58.05% for ferulic acid; 0.26%-0.42% and 36.51%-51.02% for sinapine thiocyanate; 0.09%-0.15% and 48.80%-76.61% for liquiritin; 0.13%-0.24% and 23.45%-35.61% for glycyrrhizic acid. The fingerprint, dry extract rate, and index component content determination was combined for analyzing the quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in the classic prescription Sanpian Decoction.The established quality evaluation method for the substance benchmarks was stable and feasible, which has provided a basis for the quality control of Sanpian Decoction and the follow-up development of related preparations.

Butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction alleviates vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome and related signal pathways / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the effect of butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) in mice and to clarify the mechanism from Toll-like receptors(TLRs)/MyD88 and Dectin-1/Syk signal pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome. To be specific, female KM mice were randomized into control group(i.g., normal saline), model group, fluco-nazole group(i.g., 20 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose BAEB groups(i.g., 20, 40, and 80 mg·kg~(-1), respectively). VVC was induced in mice except the control group. After the modeling, administration began and lasted 7 days. The ge-neral conditions and body weight of mice were recorded every day. On the 1 st, 3 rd, 7 th, and 14 th after vaginal infection by Candida albicans, the fungal load in the vaginal lavage fluid of the mice was measured with the plate method, and the morphology of C. albicans in vaginal lavage fluid was observed based on Gram staining. After the mice were killed, vaginal tissues were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) staining for vaginal histopathological analysis. The content of cytokines in vaginal lavage fluid, such as interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), IL-6, and S100 a8, was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and content of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in vaginal tissues by tissue ROS detection kit. The protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, Dectin-1, Syk, MyD88, TLR2, TLR4, and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) in vaginal tissues was detected by Western blot, and the levels and distribution of NLRP3, Dectin-1, Syk, MyD88, TLR2, and TLR4 in vaginal tissues were determined with the immunohistochemical method. The results show that BAEB can improve the general conditions of VVC mice, reduce the fungal load and C. albicans hyphae in vaginal secretion, decrease ROS content in vaginal tissues and content of cytokines in vaginal lavage fluid, and down-regulate the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, Dectin-1, Syk, MyD88, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κB in vaginal tissues. The above results indicate that BAEB exerts therapeutic effect on VVC mice by down-regulating the key proteins in the TLRs/MyD88 and Dectin-1/Syk signal pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome.

Application progress on taste evaluation methods for oral preparations / 中国中药杂志

Taste is an important factor affecting the medicinal properties of oral preparations and patient compliance with medication, and also an important evaluation index for oral preparation design and clinical application. How to characterize the taste objectively, accurately, simply, and efficiently is a bottleneck problem that restricts the taste design, development, and utilization of oral preparations. At present, the commonly used taste assessment methods for oral preparations are traditional human taste panel, electronic tongue, animal preference test, in vitro release study, and electrophysiological test. The traditional human taste panel is the first choice for taste evaluation, but it is limited by poor subjectivity and reproducibility. Therefore, despite some limitations, the other four taste assessment methods have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry as auxiliary methods. This study reviewed the detection principles, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of the above methods to provide references for the taste correction research and taste assessment of oral preparations, improve patient compliance and the competitiveness of oral preparation products in the industry, and promote the development of oral preparation technologies.

Research progress of small molecule proteasome activators / 药学学报

Proteasome controls the degradation of proteins closely related to life activities and plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis. Proteasome activities decrease with aging, followed by the overwhelming production of damaged proteins which far exceed the protein consumption. Accumulation of these proteins leads to various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, inducing toxic protein degradation is considered as a promising solution for the treatment of these diseases, while increasing the activity of proteasome is considered as an important strategy. However, the research in this field is still in the preliminary stage, and this review will focus on the discussion of the research progress of various small molecule proteasome activators, including research methods, pharmacological effects, structure-activity relationships and the existing problems.

Risk factors for children s blood lead levels in one city of Jiangsu / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the level and risk factor of lead exposure among children in one city of Jiangsu.@*Methods@#In northern Jiangsu Province, 373 children from 2 primary schools were enrolled and were tested for blood lead and heavy metal exposure. Lead exposure was tested in household dust of 46 children. A multivariate Logistic regression was used for lead exposure risk analysis. Spatial distribution of lead contamination in household dust was conducted and compared with the location of industrial enterprises.@*Results@#The geometric mean of blood lead in 373 children was 25.80 mg/L,the blood lead of 3 children (0.8%) was more than 100 mg/L. Pencil biting ( OR=4.26, 95%CI=1.61-10.68, P <0.05) and lead contamination in surrounding environment ( OR=2.93, 95%CI=1.24-7.34, P =0.02) was positively related to high blood lead level in children. The geometric mean household dust lead concentrations in 46 children was 302.27 μg/mg, and household with high dust lead levels were mainly located around manufacturing enterprises.@*Conclusion@#Environmental factors correlate with blood lead level in children. Efficient strategies and public health policies are urgently needed to control and prevent environmental lead pollution. Families and schools should actively carry out health education to engourage children good hygiene habits, and effectively reduce lead exposure.

Dual artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment for patients with multiple primary lung cancer / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the value of artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic imaging system and three dimensional computed tomographic bronchoangiography (3D-CTBA) surgical planning system in the management of multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC). Methods    The clinical data of 53 patients with MPLC treated surgically in our hospital from January 2018 to August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 16 males and 37 females, with a median age of 60 (39-75) years. The patients' preoperative CT was analyzed by AI and manually, and the data of patients who underwent 3D-CTBA were compiled to evaluate the value of AI and 3D-CTBA in the diagnosis and treatment of MPLC, respectively. Results     The sensitivity of AI screening for MPLC was 84.91%. The sensitivity (91.90% vs. 83.78%) and accuracy (85.60% vs. 84.00%) of AI diagnosis of high-risk MPLC infiltrative lesions were better than those of manual diagnosis. 3D-CTBA was used for planning the surgery in 12 patients, and the intraoperative situation was generally consistent with the reconstructed results. Conclusion    AI is of high value in identifying infiltrative lesions of MPLC. 3D-CTBA reconstruction of anatomical structures is accurate and can guide preoperative planning.

Endoscopic transpterygoid transmaxillary approach to the upper parapharyngeal space / 解剖学报

Objective To present anatomical landmarks for endoscopic transpterygoid transmaxillary approach to the upper parapharyngeal space. Methods Anatomy of the upper parapharyngeal space using endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid transmaxillary approach was performed in cadaveric head. The distances between medial pterygoid plate, lateral pterygoid plate and styloid process were measured, respectively. The distances between lateral pterygoid plate, sphenoid spine and the entrance of carotid canal were also investigated. Results The dissection was performed in 10 fresh cadaver heads (20 sides). The distance between medial pterygoid plate, lateral pterygoid plate and styloid process were (28.1±3.3)mm and (18.9±4.9)mm respectively. The distances between lateral pterygoid plate, sphenoid spine and the entrance of carotid canal were (14.1±3.7) mm and (6.7±1.5) mm respectively. Pharyngobasilar fascia, medial pterygoid muscle and tensor veli palatini muscle were key landmarks of the upper parapharyngeal space. Conclusion The bone landmarks of lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid spine are effective in identification of the entrance of carotid canal, which is helpful to locate the parapharyngeal segment of internal carotid artery.

Analysis on quality value transmitting of substance benchmark of Houpo Wenzhong Decoction / 中国中药杂志

By preparing 15 batches of lyophilized powder samples of substance benchmark in Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,the fingerprint,index component content and extract rate were determined,and the characteristic peaks,the range of similarity with the reference map,the content range and transfer rate range of magnolol,hesperidin,glycyrrhizic acid and pinocembrin,the extract rate range and the change range were clarified. The results showed that the similarity between the fingerprint of substance benchmark and the reference map R generated from the 15 batches of substance benchmark samples was higher than 0. 90. The assignment of the characteristic peaks in the full prescription's fingerprint of the herbs except Poria cocos was clarified. Nineteen characteristic peaks were assigned,and 12 characteristic peaks were assigned by the reference substance,of which 4 were from Magnolia ocinalis Cortex,5 from Exocarpium Citri Rubrum,2 from Radix aucklandiae,3 from Glycyrrhiza Radix et Rhizoma,4 from Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai,and one from Rhizoma Zingiberis and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The index component content range and transfer rate range were 0. 80%-1. 14% and 20. 25%-39. 61% for hesperidin,0. 49%-0. 79% and 23. 09%-33. 87%for glycyrrhizic acid,0. 03%-0. 07% and 3. 55%-10. 09% for pinocembrin,0. 15%-0. 38% and 8. 08%-24. 35% for magnolol. The extract rate range and the change range were22. 60%-25. 57% and 12. 67%-23. 68% respectively. In this study,we introduced the concepts of index component content,fingerprint,extract rate,explored the transfer relation of quality value transmitting of substance benchmark in Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,and initially established the quality standard of Houpo Wenzhong Decoction,all of which would provide ideas for the development and research of similar prescriptions.

[Effect of butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction on epithelial barrier of vaginal mucosa in mice with vulvovaginal candidiasis].

To investigate the effect of butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on the epithelial barrier of vaginal mucosa in mice with vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC). Seventy-two female SPF Kunming mice were randomly divided into blank group, VVC model group, fluconazole group, and BAEB treatment groups(high, middle and low dose groups). Estradiol benzoate was injected subcutaneously qd alt, and Candida albicans(2×10~6 CFU·mL~(-1)) was inoculated into the vagina of mice during the pseudo estrus period for 7 days to construct a VVC model, followed by drug treatment for 7 days. Gram staining was used to observe the morphology of C. albicans in the vaginal secretions of mice; the amount of fungal load on the vaginal mucosa of mice was detected on agar plate; the pathological status of murine vaginal mucosa was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE); the integrity of mice vaginal mucosal epithelial barrier was observed by Masson's trichrome staining(MT), HE and periodic acid-schiff staining(PAS). Mucin-1 and mucin-4 protein expression levels of vaginal mucosal epithelial cells in mice were detected by immunohistochemistry; mucin-1 and mucin-4 protein expression levels on mucosal epithelial cells at 0 d, 3 d, and 7 d were determined by Western blot. The results showed that, in VVC model group, there were a large number of C. albicans hyphae and higher fungal load in vagina, within complete mucosal structure, cornified layer shed off, and the protein expression levels of mucin-1 and mucin-4 were significantly increased. After BAEB treatment, the hyphae in the vagina decreased; the fungal load decreased; the vaginal mucosal tissue damages were improved; the epithelial barrier was repaired, and mucin-1 and mucin-4 protein expression levels were down-regulated. The above results indicated that BAEB may play a role in the treatment of VVC by remodeling the integrity of the vaginal mucosal epithelial barrier.

Changes of serum Adropin protein and neprilysin levels in patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy and analysis of influening factors / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe the changes of serum Adropin protein(AD)and neprilysin(NEP)levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy and to analyse the influencing factors. <p>METHODS: A total of 167 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. They were divided into simple type 2 diabetes group(DM group)with 59 cases and type 2 diabetic retinopathy group(DR group)with 108 cases. Furthermore, the DR group included patients in two periods of non-proliferation diabetic retinopathy(NPDR group)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR group). There were 45 patients in NPDR group and 63 patients in PDR group, meanwhile, another 57 healthy subjects were selected as the normal control group(NC group). Measuring the hight and weight and calculating body mass index(BMI). Indices of fasting plasma glucose(FPG), systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), total cholesterol(TC), triacylglycerol(TG), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)hemoglobin Alc(HbA1c)were be detected, while levels of serum adropin protein(AD)and neprilysin(NEP)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The correlation between AD, NEP and other indicators was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The independent influence factors of both were analyzed by multiple linear regression. <p>RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, the AD level in the DM group, NPDR group, and PDR group decreased gradually, with the lowest level in the PDR group(<i>P</i><0.05). The level of NEP in each group gradually increased, and the highest one was in the PDR group(<i>P</i><0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that FPG, HbA1c and NEP were independently correlated with AD. BMI, FPG, HbA1c and AD were independently correlated with NEP.<p>CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetic retinopathy, AD level would be decreased with the progression of DR, and NEP level would be gradually increased, both of which may be involved in the development of DR.

Silencing carbonic anhydrase 1 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of A549 cells in lung cancer / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To investigate the effects of silencing carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of human lung cancer A549 cells. METHODS: CA1-specific siRNA (si-CA1 group) and negative control (si-NC group) were transfected into lung cancer A549 cells by lipofection. The A549 cells transfected with empty liposome were used as blank control group. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot (Western blot) were used to detect the expression of CA1 mRNA and protein. Cell counting kit method (CCK-8), flow cytometry and Transwell assay were used to detect proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cells, invasion and migration capabilities. RESULTS:qPCR and Western blot showed that the expression levels of CA1 mRNA and protein in A549 cells transfected with CA1 siRNA were significantly down-regulated (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Silencing CA1 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of lung cancer A549 cells and promote cell apoptosis.

Risk Factors for Duodenal Stump Leakage after Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

PURPOSE: Duodenal stump leakage (DSL) is a potentially fatal complication that can occur after gastrectomy, but its underlying risk factors are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and management of DSL after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer (GC).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant data were collected from several prospective databases to retrospectively analyze the data of GC patients who underwent Billroth II (B-II) or Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction after laparoscopic gastrectomy from 2 institutions (Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences). The DSL risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis regression.RESULTS: A total of 810 patients were eligible for our analysis (426 with R-Y, 384 with B-II with Braun). Eleven patients had DSL (1.36%). Body mass index (BMI), elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and unreinforced duodenal stump were the independent risk factors for DSL. DSL was diagnosed in 2–12 days, with a median of 8 days. Seven patients received conservative treatment, 3 patients received puncture treatment, and only 1 patient required reoperation. All patients recovered successfully after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors of DSL were BMI ≥24 kg/m², elevated preoperative CRP level, and unreinforced duodenal stump. Nonsurgical treatments for DSL are preferred.

Comprehensive evaluation of medullary thyroid carcinoma before surgery / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare disease, but it exhibits more aggressive behaviors. The aim of this study was to improve the diagnostic accuracy of MTC before surgery by analyzing the clinical and ultrasonic data of patients with MTC.@*METHODS@#The study included 71 patients (96 lesions) with histopathologically proven MTC between April 2011 and September 2016 in the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The clinical characteristics and sonographic findings were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the ultrasonic correct diagnosis group and the ultrasonic misdiagnosis group with the t test or Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative parameters and the χ test or Fisher exact test for qualitative parameters.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the ultrasonic correct diagnosis group, the proportion of the cystic change in the ultrasonic misdiagnosed group was high (25.0% vs. 4.2%), the uncircumscribed margin and irregular shape proportions were low (20.8%, 58.3% vs. 74.7%, 87.3%), calcification was relatively rare (20.8% vs. 56.3%), and rich vascularity was relatively rare (25.0% vs. 78.9%).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In the case of atypical MTC, such as cystic change, circumscribed margin, regular shape, no calcification, no rich vascularity, and normal cervical lymph nodes, MTC is easily misdiagnosed as benign by ultrasound. Therefore, ultrasound, cytology and serum calcitonin should be comprehensively evaluated for a preoperative diagnosis of MTC.

AKT/mTOR/STATs signaling pathway regulates various immune cells that mediate MS / 医学研究生学报

AKT/mTOR/STATs signaling pathway not only plays an important role in tumor growth, but also in the regulation of immune system. Activated AKT promotes the activation of downstream signaling pathways mTORC1 and mTORC2 through phosphorylation. mTOR is currently being considered as an important regulator of immune system and plays an important role in regulating the function and metabolism of various immune cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune deficiency disease whose pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. This article focuses on the regulation of AKT/mTOR/STATs signaling pathways in various immune cells such as macrophage M1/M2 polarization, B cell proliferation and differentiation, helper T lymphocyte (Th cell) proliferation and differentiation, and Treg cell proliferation and differentiation, which would be helpful to illustrate the role of the AKT/mTOR/STATs signaling pathway in mediating the regulation of immune cells in MS.

Detection of peripheral blood HLA-DR-CD33+CD14-CD11b+ MDSC in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the distribution proportion of peripheral blood HLA-DR-CD33+ CD14-CD11b+ myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) to provide a beneficial guidance for NPC immunotherapy.Methods Forty-five NPC patients and 20 healthy volunteers as the healthy control group were selected.The peripheral blood sample was collected before the first time chemotherapy and on 7 d after the second cycle induction chemotherapy,meanwhile the peripheral blood sample was collected in the healthy control group;then HLA-DR-CD33+ CD14-CD11b+ MDSC were detected by the flow cytometry.Results The peripheral blood MDSC ratio of NPC patients was significantly higher than that of healthy control group(P＜0.05).With the NPC stage Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ increase,the peripheral blood MDSC ratio was gradually increased (P＜0.05).The MDSC ratio of NPC patients with three different pathological types of keratin type squamous carcinoma,differentiated and undifferentiated type non-keratin type squamous carcinoma was significant higher than that of healthy control group(P＜0.05).The peripheral blood MDSC ration also had statistical difference among the NPC patients with 3 kinds of different pathological type(P＜0.05).The peripheral blood MDSC ratio in NPC patients with different stages was significantly decreased after 2-cycle induction chemotherapy (P ＜ 0.05),but its ratio level was still higher than that of the healthy control group.Conclusion The peripheral blood HLA-DR-CD33+ CD14-CD11b+ MDSC ratio in the NPC patients is significantly increased,suggesting that which may be related with NPC immune escape and is worth further study.

Correlation of Bridging Septa Thickening in the Perinephric Space and Split Renal Function in Acute Unilateral Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective]To study the relationship between bridging septa thickening in the perinephric space and split renal function in acute unilateral upper urinary tract obstruction.[Methods]50 patients with acute unilateral upper urinary tract obstruction by calculus were analyzed retrospectively. According to the images of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT)scanning,all cases were divided into thickened bridging septa group(n=25)and normal bridging septa group (n=25),The CT values of renal cortical in the plain(CTp)and renal cortical enhancing(CTe)phase were measured, the difference of increasement value(CTe-CTp)and the CT value ratio of the ipsilateral and opposite in renal cortical phase was analyzed by independent sample T test.[Results]The CT increasement value of bridging septa thickening and normal group were(103±30)HU and(128±24)HU respectively,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01);and CTac/CTuc were 0.81±0.13 and 0.96±0.06 respectively(P<0.01).[Conclusion]Thickening of bridging septa in the perinephric space with acute unilateral upper urinary tract obstruction will weaken the enhancement of renal cortical,and increased the likelihood of split renal function impairing.

Diffusion tensor imaging studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with various levels of cognitive impairment / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To characterize the brain microstructure changes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with various levels of cognitive impairment as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Methods A total of 55 ALS patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in the Department of Neurology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital From September 2013 to March 2017,and all participants underwent neuropsychological assessments and DTI scans.According to their cognitive performance,ALS patients were further subclassified into ALS with normal cognition (ALS-Cn,n =27),ALS with cognitive impairment (ALS-Ci,n =17) and ALS-frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD,n =11)subgroups.Comparisons of voxel-based and atlas-based fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) data were conducted among the four subgroups.Results In the voxel-based analyses,the FA showed significant differences in cingulate gyms,corpus callosum,brain stem and cerebellum,and MD showed significant differences in bilateral frontal lobe,temporal lobe,cingulate gyms,corpus callosum,and cerebellum among the four subgroups.Besides,when compared to ALS-Ci,ALS-Cn and HC groups in the order,the areas of involvement were larger and differences were more significant in ALS-FTD group.In the atlas-based analyses,the FA and MD of the corticospinal tracts revealed no difference within the patients groups,but decreased FA and increased MD were found compared to HC group.The ALS-IFD patients manifested widespread white matter fiber integrity damage and microstructure impairment in the extramotor areas compared to other three groups.Conclusion The brain white matter structural patterns of ALS patients correlate with their cognitive function,and there is a gradient of alterations across the ALS-Cn,ALS-Ci and ALS-FTD continuum.