ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the use of high-frequency sonography as a tool for detecting inflammatory and destructive changes in the hand and foot joints of patients with early and long-term RA. METHODS: This study employs a prospective cohort design involving 162 patients diagnosed with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who meet the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria. Patients were divided into two groups based on disease duration: Group 1 (n = 74) included patients with a disease duration of up to 2 years, or early Ð Ð (ERA;), Group 2 (n = 88) consisted of patients with a disease duration exceeding 2 years, or long-term persistent Ð Ð (LtRA). All patients underwent a clinical assessment of their joints, as well as radiography and arthrosonography, at the beginning of the study and again at 6 and 12 months later. RESULTS: In the general group of patients, ultrasound examination revealed signs of synovitis in the joints of the hands more frequently (66%) compared with clinical examination (56% by a number of swollen joints [NSJ] and 55% by a number of painful joints [NPJ], P < .01). After 6 months of treatment, 12% of the patients achieved full US remission and 24% achieved partial US remission. CONCLUSIONS: Within the scope of comprehensive RA diagnostics, arthrosonography of the joints of the hands and feet, utilizing a combination of greyscale and power Doppler, may surpass radiography in detecting early RA. This method allows for a more accurate assessment of disease activity and progression rates.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Disease Progression , Ultrasonography , Humans , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnostic imaging , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography/methods , Cohort Studies , Adult , Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Hand Joints/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Chronic exposure to stressful environment is a key risk factor contributing to the development of depression. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are still unclear. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) has long been investigated for its positive role in regulation of mood, although the role of its precursor, proBDNF, in regulation of mood is not known. In this study, using an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) paradigm we found that the protein levels of proBDNF were increased in the neocortex and hippocampus of stressed mice and this UCMS-induced upregulation of proBDNF was abolished by chronic administration of fluoxetine. We then established a rat model of UCMS and found that the expression of proBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin was upregulated, whereas the expression of mature BDNF and TrkB was downregulated in both neocortex and hippocampus of chronically stressed rats. Finally, we found that the injection of anti-proBDNF antibody via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) approaches into the UCMS rats significantly reversed the stress-induced depression-like behavior and restored the exploratory activity and spine growth. Although intramuscular injection of AAV-proBDNF did not exacerbate the UCMS-elicited rat mood-related behavioral or pathological abnormalities, i.c.v. injection of AAV-proBDNF increased the depression-like behavior in naive rats. Our findings suggest that proBDNF plays a role in the development of chronic stress-induced mood disturbances in rodents. Central (i.c.v.) or peripheral (i.p.) inhibition of proBDNF by injecting specific anti-proBDNF antibodies may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of stress-related mood disorders.
Subject(s)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Signal Transduction/physiology , Stress, Psychological/complications , Animals , Antibodies/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/therapeutic use , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/immunology , Chronic Disease , Dendritic Spines/metabolism , Dendritic Spines/ultrastructure , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Exploratory Behavior/drug effects , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Food Preferences/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Protein Precursors/biosynthesis , Protein Precursors/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Stress, Psychological/pathology , Swimming/psychologyABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by extracellular deposition of the neurotoxic peptide, amyloid-beta (Aß) peptide fibrils, and is accompanied by extensive loss of neurons in the brains of affected individuals. However, the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood. The aim of this review is to discuss the possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signalling in the development of AD, focusing on BDNF/TrkB signalling in the production of Aß, tau hyperphosphorylation and cognition decline, and exploring new possibilities for AD intervention.
