Neural substrates of cough control during coughing.

Cough is known as a protective reflex to keep the airway free from harmful substances. Although brain activity during cough was previously examined mainly by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with model analysis, this method does not capture real brain activity during cough. To obtain accurate measurements of brain activity during cough, we conducted whole-brain scans during different coughing tasks while correcting for head motion using a restraint-free positron emission tomography (PET) system. Twenty-four healthy right-handed males underwent multiple PET scans with [15O]H2O. Four tasks were performed during scans: "resting"; "voluntary cough (VC)", which simply repeated spontaneous coughing; "induced cough (IC)", where participants coughed in response to an acid stimulus in the cough-inducing method with tartaric acid (CiTA); and "suppressed cough (SC)", where coughing was suppressed against CiTA. The whole brain analyses of motion-corrected data revealed that VC chiefly activated the cerebellum extending to pons. In contrast, CiTA-related tasks (IC and SC) activated the higher sensory regions of the cerebral cortex and associated brain regions. The present results suggest that brain activity during simple cough is controlled chiefly by infratentorial areas, whereas manipulating cough predominantly requires the higher sensory brain regions to allow top-down control of information from the periphery.

Neural correlates of head restraint: Unsolicited neuronal activation and dopamine release.

To minimize motion-related distortion of reconstructed images, conventional positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of the brain inevitably require a firm and tight head restraint. While such a restraint is now a routine procedure in brain imaging, the physiological and psychological consequences resulting from the restraint have not been elucidated. To address this problem, we developed a restraint-free brain PET system and conducted PET scans under both restrained and non-restrained conditions. We examined whether head restraint during PET scans could alter brain activities such as regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and dopamine release along with psychological stress related to head restraint. Under both conditions, 20 healthy male participants underwent [15O]H2O and [11C]Raclopride PET scans during working memory tasks with the same PET system. Before, during, and after each PET scan, we measured physiological and psychological stress responses, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores. Analysis of the [15O]H2O-PET data revealed higher rCBF in regions such as the parahippocampus in the restrained condition. We found the binding potential (BPND) of [11C]Raclopride in the putamen was significantly reduced in the restrained condition, which reflects an increase in dopamine release. Moreover, the restraint-induced change in BPND was correlated with a shift in the state anxiety score of the STAI, indicating that less anxiety accompanied smaller dopamine release. These results suggest that the stress from head restraint could cause unsolicited responses in brain physiology and emotional states. The restraint-free imaging system may thus be a key enabling technology for the natural depiction of the mind.

[Impact of point spread function correction in standardized uptake value quantitation for positron emission tomography images: a study based on phantom experiments and clinical images].

While point spread function (PSF)-based positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction effectively improves the spatial resolution and image quality of PET, it may damage its quantitative properties by producing edge artifacts, or Gibbs artifacts, which appear to cause overestimation of regional radioactivity concentration. In this report, we investigated how edge artifacts produce negative effects on the quantitative properties of PET. Experiments with a National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) phantom, containing radioactive spheres of a variety of sizes and background filled with cold air or water, or radioactive solutions, showed that profiles modified by edge artifacts were reproducible regardless of background µ values, and the effects of edge artifacts increased with increasing sphere-to-background radioactivity concentration ratio (S/B ratio). Profiles were also affected by edge artifacts in complex fashion in response to variable combinations of sphere sizes and S/B ratios; and central single-peak overestimation up to 50% was occasionally noted in relatively small spheres with high S/B ratios. Effects of edge artifacts were obscured in spheres with low S/B ratios. In patient images with a variety of focal lesions, areas of higher radioactivity accumulation were generally more enhanced by edge artifacts, but the effects were variable depending on the size of and accumulation in the lesion. PET images generated using PSF-based reconstruction are therefore not appropriate for the evaluation of SUV.

Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation during exercise on the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic region in Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomography study.

To elucidate the dynamic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during activity on the dopaminergic system, 12 PD patients who had STN-DBS operations at least 1 month prior, underwent two positron emission tomography scans during right-foot movement in DBS-off and DBS-on conditions. To quantify motor performance changes, the motion speed and mobility angle of the foot at the ankle were measured twice. Estimations of the binding potential of [(11)C]raclopride (BP(ND)) were based on the Logan plot method. Significant motor recovery was found in the DBS-on condition. The STN-DBS during exercise significantly reduced the [(11)C]raclopride BP(ND) in the caudate and the nucleus accumbens (NA), but not in the dorsal or ventral putamen. The magnitude of dopamine release in the NA correlated negatively with the magnitude of motor load, indicating that STN-DBS facilitated motor behavior more smoothly and at less expense to dopamine neurons in the region. The lack of dopamine release in the putamen and the significant dopamine release in the ventromedial striatum by STN-DBS during exercise indicated dopaminergic activation occurring in the motivational circuit during action, suggesting a compensatory functional activation of the motor loop from the nonmotor to the motor loop system.

Single 20-second acquisition of deep-inspiration breath-hold PET/CT: clinical feasibility for lung cancer.

UNLABELLED: This study was designed to compare tumor (18)F-FDG uptake between a single 20-s acquisition of deep-inspiration breath-hold PET/CT and free-breathing PET/CT for lung cancer. METHODS: Before the clinical study, a phantom study was performed to determine the optimum breath-hold time for the PET scan. We studied 47 patients with lung cancer who underwent free-breathing PET/CT with the standard clinical protocol, followed by deep-inspiration breath-hold PET/CT of the thorax. In breath-hold PET/CT, the patients were asked to hold their breath in deep inspiration for 10 s during the CT scan and for 20 s during the PET scan. Maximum tumor (18)F-FDG standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was measured in free-breathing PET and breath-hold PET, and the percentage difference between these 2 values was calculated. RESULTS: Breath-hold PET showed a significant increase in SUVmax, as compared with free-breathing PET (8.26 +/- 4.59 vs. 11.25 +/- 7.24, P < 0.0001). The mean difference in SUVmax was 39.5% +/- 43.4%, and the range was 2.9%-248.3%. The difference in SUVmax was significant when compared between tumors in the upper lung (n = 22) and tumors in the lower lung (n = 25) (24.4% +/- 17.7% vs. 52.9% +/- 54.3%, P = 0.0077). The mean tumor size of the group with a high SUVmax difference (n = 13) was significantly smaller than that of the group with a low SUVmax difference (n = 34) (2.45 +/- 0.87 cm vs. 3.21 +/- 1.22 cm, P = 0.043), using a cutoff of 39.5%. CONCLUSION: The single 20-s acquisition of breath-hold PET/CT enabled more precise measurement of SUVmax, especially in the lower lung field and for small tumors, which may be affected by respiratory motion. This technique is feasible in the clinical setting and requires only a minor increase in examination time.

Prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess whether tumor uptake of (18)F-FDG (FDG) expressed as the standardized uptake value (SUV) can be used to predict survival in patients with head and neck cancer. Furthermore, a prognostic maximum SUV was determined with univariate and bivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: Low SUVs ( 7.0). In the Cox proportional hazards model, tumor SUV was a significant and independent predictor of local control (p = 0.022) and disease-free survival (p = 0.019). In addition, in the group of high SUV, high T stage was more associated with poorer outcome than low T stage (p = 0.0502). Therefore, patients with higher tumor FDG uptake should be considered for a more aggressive treatment approach.

In vivo presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal dopamine functions in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Differentiation of impaired gait seen in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) from parkinsonian gait is sometimes a great challenge and important for future medication in the clinical setting. To investigate dopaminergic contribution to its pathophysiology, two aspects of the trans-synaptic dopamine functions in the striatal region in eight iNPH patients naïve to dopaminergic drugs were examined using positron emission tomography with a presynaptic marker [11C]CFT ([11C]2-beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl) tropane) that binds to dopamine transporter and a postsynaptic marker [11C]raclopride that binds to D2 receptor. Quantitative values of binding potentials (BPs) for [11C]CFT and [11C]raclopride were compared between patients and eight age-matched healthy subjects. The BPs and magnetic resonance imaging-based morphometric measures in iNPH were used for correlation analyses between the magnitude of binding of these in vivo markers and clinical severity of the patients. Analysis of variance showed significant reduction in [11C]raclopride binding in the putamen and nucleus accumbens (P<0.05, corrected for multiple comparison) and unchanged striatal [11C]CFT binding in iNPH. The dorsal putamen [11C]raclopride binding correlated negatively with gait severity (r=0.720, P<0.05), and the nucleus accumbens [11C]raclopride binding correlated positively with emotional recognition score (r=0.727, P<0.05) in the disease group. No significant relationship was observed between BPs and morphometric measures. The current result of the postsynaptic D2 receptor reduction along with preserved presynaptic activity in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system reflects a pathophysiology of iNPH. Postsynaptic D2 receptor hypoactivity in the dorsal putamen may predict the severity of gait impairment in iNPH.

Changes in cerebral blood flow under the prone condition with and without massage.

To investigate changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) under the prone condition with and without light massage on the back, we measured rCBF quantitatively in healthy human subjects using positron emission tomography with H(2)15O. Biochemical tests showed that the light massage (palm-pressure) reduced levels of stress-related serum cortisol and salivary stress protein chromogranin-A measured after the PET examination. Absolute rCBF significantly increased in the parietal cortex (precuneus) under the prone condition compared with the supine condition, and this rCBF increase was in parallel with comfortable sensation and slowing heart rate during the massage. Correlation analysis in statistical parametric mapping showed that the amygdalar and basal forebrain rCBF correlated with parasympathetic function (heart rate reduction), indicating involvement of the forebrain-amygdala system in mediating activities in the autonomic nervous system in the presence of comfortable sensation. To conclude, prone posture itself can stimulate the precuneus region to raise awareness, and the light massage on the back may help accommodate the brain to comfortable stimulation.

[Measurement of radiation exposure to a PET institution driver from patients injected with FDG].

With the recent increase in FDG-PET examinations, concern has mounted regarding radiation exposure to hospital staff and the general public from patients injected with FDG. Because our PET institution is located 15 km from the hospital that provides these examinations, a driver has been designated to transport patients injected with FDG. This study was designed to measure the radiation dose to the driver from these patients (n=28) and to compare it with the estimated dose. A pocket dosimeter was used to measure radiation exposure to the driver. When the distances between the driver and patient were 1.1 m and 1.9 m, mean measured doses were 7.31 microSv and 2.26 microSv, respectively, while mean estimated doses were 8.61 microSv and 2.82 microSv, respectively, per trip. It was presumed that maximum radiation exposure per year was between 3.02 mSv (1.1 m) and 0.92 mSv (1.9 m). According to our data, the measured dose was 20% lower than the estimated dose. This discrepancy may be due to the difference between the volume source (measured dose) and point source (estimated dose).

FDG PET for the assessment of myometrial infiltration in clinical stage I uterine corpus cancer.

OBJECTIVE: For surgical planning of uterine corpus cancer, prior knowledge of the depth of myometrial invasion is important. Curative tumour resection is possible in superficial invasion (stages IA and IB), while post-surgical chemotherapy or radiation therapy is required in deep invasion (stage IC). We evaluated the value of positron emission tomography with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG PET) for estimating the myometrial invasion in uterine corpus cancer. METHODS: We studied 22 patients with clinical stage I uterine corpus cancer, who underwent FDG PET prior to surgery. Standardized uptake value (SUV; tracer activity per injected dose normalized to body weight) was calculated on the PET image. PET findings were compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the surgical staging. RESULTS: The surgical stage was IA in five, IB in 11 and IC in six patients. SUVs in deep invasion (15.69+/-4.73, 8.83-21.84) were significantly higher than those in superficial invasion (9.09+/-3.29, 2.68-15.41) (P<0.005). Using 12.0 as a cut-off value of SUV for the differentiation of these two groups, PET results were correct in 19 patients but were incorrect in three patients. Although both PET and MRI provided correct staging in 14 patients, only MRI overestimated the myometrial invasion in four patients with stage IB and showed inconclusive findings in one patient with stage IC. Four of these five patients were post-menopausal. CONCLUSIONS: The cut-off value of SUV (=12.0) may be a useful index for the differentiation of superficial invasion and deep invasion. FDG PET may be feasible for predicting the myometrial infiltration of uterine corpus cancer, especially when uterine atrophy makes it difficult at MRI in post-menopausal patients.

Cerebral hemodynamics evaluation by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy: correlation with simultaneous positron emission tomography measurements.

We compared pharmacologically-perturbed hemodynamic parameters (cerebral blood volume; CBV, and flow; CBF) by acetazolamide administration in six healthy human subjects studied with positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared (NIR) time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) simultaneously to investigate whether NIR-TRS could measure in vivo hemodynamics in the brain tissue quantitatively. Simultaneously with the PET measurements, TRS measurements were performed at the forehead with four different optode spacing from 2 cm to 5 cm. Total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation (SO2) measured by TRS significantly increased after administration of acetazolamide at any optode spacing in all subjects. In PET study, CBV and CBF were estimated in the following three volumes of interest (VOIs) determined on magnetic resonance images, VOI1: scalp and skull, VOI2: gray matter region, VOI3: gray and white matter regions. Acetazolamide treatment elevated CBF and CBV significantly in VOI2 and VOI3 but VOI1. TRS-derived CBV was more strongly correlated with PET-derived counterpart in VOI2 and VOI3 when the optode spacing was above 4 cm, although optical signal from cerebral tissue could be caught with any optode spacing. As to increase of the CBV, 4 cm of optode spacing correlated best with VOI2. To support the result of TRS-PET experiment, we also estimated the contribution ratios of intracerebral tissue to observed absorption change based on diffusion theory. The contribution ratios at 4 cm were estimated as follows: 761 nm: 50%, 791 nm: 72%, 836 nm: 70%. These results demonstrated that NIR-TRS with 4 cm of optode spacing could measure cerebral hemodynamic responses optimally and quantitatively.

[Physical property of emission data in simultaneous emission/transmission acquisition: evaluation for clinical application].

PURPOSE: Although simultaneous emission transmission acquisition (SET) is the ideal method for positron emission tomography (PET) because the same patient position can be used for both emission and transmission scans, the quality of PET images is subject to interference by the cross-contamination of each data. In recent years, segmented attenuation correction of transmission data has made it possible to exclude the contamination from emission data. In the present study using a phantom, the physical property of emission data in SET acquisition was evaluated in comparison with that in separate scan. METHODS: We measured scatter fraction, scatter projection, % random, and noise equivalent count rate in the sinogram. Next, we determined the acquisition time of the SET scan to obtain the same coefficient of variation as the separate scan in reconstructed images. RESULTS: In the evaluation of the strength of the line source, the physical property of emission data in the SET scan seemed inferior to that in separate scan, and SET scanning was not effective enough to reduce the acquisition time of PET examinations. CONCLUSION: SET scanning has the advantage that the same patient position can be used for emission and transmission data; however, further studies may be necessary to apply it to clinical examinations.

Neural substrates in judgment process while playing go: a comparison of amateurs with professionals.

A professional go player shows incomparable ability in judgment during go game. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate the neural substrates of professional go player's judgment process. Eight professional go players and six amateur players were instructed to think over silently in the opening-stage game (fuseki, territorial planning) problems and the life-or-death (tsume, checkmate judgment) problems presented on the monitor in front of them for 60 s of H2 15O PET scans and to state the answer afterwards. We found that in the territorial planning problems the parietal activation was equally observed in both groups with the additional prefrontal activation in the amateur group, and in the checkmate-decision problems the precuneus and cerebellum were activated in professionals while the premotor and parietooccipital cortices (visuospatial processing region) were extensively activated in amateurs. The comparison of the two groups showed stronger activations in the precuneus and cerebellum in the professionals in contrast to the premotor activation in amateurs during checkmate judgment. In addition, the cerebellum was remarkably activated in the higher ranking professional players. These findings suggested the cerebellum and precuneus play important roles in processing of accurate judgment by visual imagery and nonmotor learning memory processes in professional go players.

Microglial activation and dopamine terminal loss in early Parkinson's disease.

Neuroinflammatory glial response may contribute to degenerative processes in Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate changes in microglial activity associated with changes in the presynaptic dopamine transporter density in the PD brain in vivo, we studied 10 early-stage drug-naive PD patients twice using positron emission tomography with a radiotracer for activated microglia [(11)C](R)-PK11195 and a dopamine transporter marker [(11)C]CFT. Quantitative levels of binding potentials (BPs) of [(11)C](R)-PK11195 and [(11)C]CFT in the nigrostriatal pathway were estimated by compartment analyses. The levels of [(11)C](R)-PK11195 BP in the midbrain contralateral to the clinically affected side were significantly higher in PD than that in 10 age-matched healthy subjects. The midbrain [(11)C](R)-PK11195 BP levels significantly correlated inversely with [(11)C]CFT BP in the putamen and correlated positively with the motor severity assessed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in PD. In healthy subjects, the [(11)C](R)-PK11195 BP in the thalamus and midbrain showed an age-dependent increase. In vivo demonstration of parallel changes in microglial activation and corresponding dopaminergic terminal loss in the affected nigrostriatal pathway in early PD supports that neuroinflammatory responses by intrinsic microglia contribute significantly to the progressive degeneration process of the disease and suggests the importance of early therapeutic intervention with neuroprotective drugs.

Orthostatic posture affects brain hemodynamics and metabolism in cerebrovascular disease patients with and without coronary artery disease: a positron emission tomography study.

To investigate whether a physiological change in the orthostatic condition is associated with a deterioration of cerebrovascular and metabolic homeostasis in patients with neurocardiovascular compromises, we examined 10 patients with unilateral carotid artery occlusive disease (CVD), 6 CVD patients with coronary artery disease (CVDC), and 10 healthy subjects scanned twice under supine and sitting conditions by positron emission tomography (PET). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral oxygen metabolism (rCMRO2) and tendency of increase in oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in the affected-side parietal cortex during assuming of upright posture in the CVDC group, and there was a significant OEF increase to maintain rCMRO2 constant during sitting in the CVD counterpart. In this ischemic region, there were negative correlations between changes in OEF and rCBF in the CVD (P < 0.05) and CVDC groups (P < 0.01). Postural reductions in rCBF and CMRO2 in the parietal region were significantly greater in the CVDC group than those in the CVD group. While rCBF remained constant with mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in healthy subjects, an rCBF reduction was found in the affected parietal cortex in proportion to the upright posture-induced MABP decrease in the CVDC group. These results indicate that patients suffering from both cerebral and coronary artery diseases may be at greater risk of deterioration of local perfusion pressure and metabolic regulation in the hemodynamically susceptible brain region during upright posture.

18F-FDG PET in the detection of extrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) is useful in detecting distant metastases from a variety of malignancies. However, its efficiency in detecting distant metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET for the detection of extrahepatic metastases from HCC. METHODS: Nineteen patients suspected of having extrahepatic HCC underwent 18F-FDG PET. Fourteen patients (group A) had extrahepatic lesions, which were detected by conventional studies. In five patients (group B), conventional imaging showed no extra- or intrahepatic lesions, but the tumor marker levels were elevated. The PET results were compared with those obtained by histopathology or by clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The detection rate of 18F-FDG PET was 83% (24 of 29 metastases) for extrahepatic metastases larger than 1 cm in greatest diameter and 13% (1 of 8 metastases) for lesions less than or equal to 1 cm. PET revealed two bone metastases not depicted by bone scan, and detected the nodal metastasis and intestinal metastases inconclusive on computed tomography. Extrahepatic lesions were resected in 5 patients of group A on the basis of PET findings. In all patients of group B, PET results were true negative for extrahepatic metastases, but HCCs were detected in the liver within 4 months in 4 patients. These were no false-positive lesions in either group. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggested that 18F-FDG PET could provide additional information and contribute to the management of HCC patients suspected of having extrahepatic metastases.

Early therapy monitoring with FDG-PET in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

This study was designed to determine the value of 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the early assessment of therapy response in lymphoma patients. We studied 20 patients with pathologically proven lymphoma, including 17 patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and three patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. All patients underwent whole-body FDG-PET imaging at baseline and after 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy. PET images were analysed visually and quantitatively by calculating the standardised uptake value (SUV). In each patient, we measured the SUV of the tumour demonstrating the highest FDG uptake at baseline study and the SUV of the same tumour after 1-2 cycles of therapy. The achievement of complete response was assessed on the basis of a combination of clinical findings and the results of conventional imaging modalities. Follow-up of progression-free survival (PFS) was obtained for the validation of PET data. Of the 20 patients, ten achieved complete remission at the completion of chemotherapy and the other ten did not respond to chemotherapy. Of the ten responders, four are still in remission (PFS 24-34 months) while the other six have relapsed (PFS 8-16 months). For the prediction of 24-month clinical outcome, visual analysis of PET after 1-2 cycles showed high sensitivity (87.5%) and accuracy (80%) but low specificity (50%). Comparison with the baseline SUVs revealed that the responders showed a significantly greater percent reduction in SUV after 1-2 cycles of therapy as compared with the non-responders (81.2%+/-9.5% vs 35.0%+/-20.2%, P<0.001). In addition, using 60% reduction as a cut-off value, the responders were clearly separated from the non-responders, with the exception of one non-responder. In conclusion, when performed early during chemotherapy, FDG-PET may be predictive of clinical outcome and allows differentiation of responders from non-responders in cases of aggressive lymphoma.

Imaging of gynecologic tumors: comparison of (11)C-choline PET with (18)F-FDG PET.

UNLABELLED: This study was designed to compare the value of PET using (11)C-choline with that of PET using (18)F-FDG for the diagnosis of gynecologic tumors. METHODS: We examined 21 patients, including 18 patients with untreated primary tumors and 3 patients with suspected recurrence of ovarian cancer. (11)C-choline PET and (18)F-FDG PET were performed within 2 wk of each other on each patient. The patients fasted for at least 5 h before the PET examinations, and PET was performed 5 min ((11)C-choline) and 60 min ((18)F-FDG) after injection of each tracer. PET images were corrected for the transmission data, and the reconstructed images were visually analyzed. Then, the standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated for quantitative assessment of tumor uptake. PET results were compared with surgical histology or >6 mo of clinical observations. RESULTS: Of 18 untreated patients, (11)C-choline PET correctly detected primary tumors in 16 patients, whereas (18)F-FDG PET detected them in 14 patients. In 1 patient with small uterine cervical cancer and 1 diabetic patient with uterine corpus cancer, only (11)C-choline PET was true-positive. Both tracers were false-negative for atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium in 1 patient and were false-positive for pelvic inflammatory disease in 1 patient. For the diagnosis of recurrent ovarian cancer (n = 3), (11)C-choline PET and (18)F-FDG PET were true-positive in 1 patient, whereas neither tracer could detect cystic recurrent tumor and microscopic peritoneal disease in the other 2 patients. In the 15 patients with true-positive results for both tracers, tumor SUVs were significantly higher for (18)F-FDG than for (11)C-choline (9.14 +/- 3.78 vs. 4.61 +/- 1.61, P < 0.0001). In 2 patients with uterine cervical cancer, parailiac lymph node metastases were clearly visible on (18)F-FDG PET but were obscured by physiologic bowel uptake on (11)C-choline PET. CONCLUSION: The use of (11)C-choline PET is feasible for imaging of gynecologic tumors. Unlike (18)F-FDG PET, interpretation of the primary tumor on (11)C-choline PET is not hampered by urinary radioactivity; however, variable background activity in the intestine may interfere with the interpretation.

Ovarian cancer recurrence: role of whole-body positron emission tomography using 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- D-glucose.

This study was designed to assess the value of whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) using 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- D-glucose (FDG) for the diagnosis of recurrent ovarian cancer. Twenty-five patients who had previously undergone surgery for ovarian cancer were imaged using whole-body FDG-PET. During the 4 weeks preceding the PET study, conventional imaging, comprising computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the abdomen and/or pelvis, was performed and serum CA125 levels were measured. PET imaging was commenced at 60 min after the intravenous administration of FDG in all patients. PET results were compared with the results of conventional imaging and CA125 levels, and related to pathological findings and clinical follow-up for more than 6 months. FDG-PET showed a sensitivity of 80% (16/20), a specificity of 100% (5/5) and an accuracy of 84% accuracy (21/25) for the diagnosis of recurrent ovarian cancer. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of conventional imaging were 55% (11/20), 100% (5/5) and 64% (16/25), respectively. PET could detect recurrent lesions in seven of nine patients in whom conventional imaging was falsely normal, while conventional imaging was true positive in two of four patients with false-negative PET results. The CA125 results showed a sensitivity of 75% (15/20), a specificity of 100% (5/5) and an accuracy of 80% accuracy (20/25). Among the 15 patients with true-positive CA125 results, PET correctly detected abnormal foci of recurrence in 13 patients (86.7%) whereas conventional imaging showed recurrent lesions in only eight patients (53.3%). In conclusion, our preliminary study demonstrates that FDG-PET may be accurate and useful for the detection of tumour recurrence when conventional imaging is inconclusive or negative, especially in patients with abnormal CA125 levels.