ABSTRACT
In the present study a group of 147 infants who are at risk for a loss are contrasted with 49 normal infants on an audiological screening battery, which is used to assess auditory and language variables. A descriptive comparison between expected and actual performance levels was made for both groups in regards to their respective receptive and expressive language, auditory localization, and speech detection threshold scores. In general the normal infants were found to perform at or above the expected performance level, whereas the high risk infants seemed to perform at or slightly below expectation. The interrelationships of these language and auditory variables along with age and birth weight were also calculated separately for each group. The direction and significance of these intercorrelations were the same for both groups with the exception of the birth weight correlations. These findings and their implications are discussed.
Subject(s)
Hearing Disorders/psychology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/psychology , Language Development Disorders/psychology , Language Disorders/psychology , Attention , Auditory Threshold , Child, Preschool , Dominance, Cerebral , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gestational Age , Hearing Disorders/diagnosis , Humans , Infant , Infant, Low Birth Weight/psychology , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Language Development Disorders/diagnosis , Male , Risk , Sound Localization , Speech PerceptionABSTRACT
This paper reports the effects of several environmental variables on the management and maintenance of a treatment program for self-injurious behavior (SIB) in residents in a state facility for retarded persons. Fifteen of the clients who participated in a developmental day-care program were compared across the final four months of the program and then at follow-up two years later. Twelve additional clients who were treated in the overall SIB program did not receive the day-care component, but were included in the follow-up study. Regarding program management, the effects of time, staff-initiated interactions, the presence of a newcomer or disruptive client, and medication changes on the behaviors of the 15 clients in the day-care program were assessed from an ecobehavioral approach. Participants in the follow-up study were compared with respect to the type of SIB program they received, the staff-patient ratio in their program, their visual impairment, use of self-protective devices, presence of stimulating material, and time-of-day observed. These issues are discussed in relation to program maintenance.
Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy/methods , Day Care, Medical/methods , Self Mutilation/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Day Care, Medical/organization & administration , Ecology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intellectual Disability/complications , Male , Phenytoin/adverse effects , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Self Mutilation/etiology , Social Environment , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The effects of state-trait anxiety and distribution of practice on reading comprehension were studied in male and female undergraduates of average aptitude. In Experiment 1 no significant differences were found on an 8-item test between 18 high and 18 low A-trait students who studied a reading passage with a 5-sec or 2-min intertrial interval. Experiment 2 employed a total of 60 students, a state-trait measure of anxiety, a 36-item test, ego-involving instructions, and 5-sec or 2-min intertrial intervals. The following significant (p less than .05) results were found: (a) high A-trait students responded to the ego-involving instructions with greater elevations in A-state; (b) low A-trait students demonstrated superior reading comprehension; (c) a low level of A-state immediately prior to the comprehension test produced a higher test score; (d) the A-state level of high A-trait students was reduced with the 2-min intertrial interval. Collectively, the results supported a trait-state conceptualization of anxiety.
