ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To demonstrate the ability of widefield en face swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to monitor peri-venular fern-like patterns of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) associated with retinal arterial occlusions. OBSERVATIONS: The peri-venular fern-like pattern of PAMM was diagnosed on the 12 × 12 mm en face structural OCT images from three patients. Fluorescein angiography images were unremarkable. Over time, all three patients demonstrated significant improvement in visual acuity with resolution of their peri-venular PAMM. CONCLUSIONS: The peri-venular fern-like pattern of PAMM is usually associated with retinal vein occlusions, but we identified three cases with this pattern in eyes with presumed incomplete retinal arterial occlusions. Our cases support the ischemic cascade theory that begins within the deep capillary plexus and ascends in the retina depending on the severity of the ischemic event. Using the 12 × 12 mm en face structural OCT images, we are able to demonstrate a wider area of ischemia in PAMM compared with the traditional 6 × 6 mm scans.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in the management options for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. RECENT FINDINGS: For many years cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) have been managed by pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP). The advent of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents has changed the future of PDR management and has provided an alternative to PRP. SUMMARY: Management of PDR requires the identification of high risk characteristics for PDR and the decision regarding the most appropriate treatment modality. The risk to benefit ratio for each treatment modality must be considered in determining the appropriate choice between surgical intervention (PRP) versus medical intervention with anti-VEGF.
