Genetically modified rodent models and celiac, non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a minireview.

Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder that affects both children and adults. Over the few last decades, several new atypical cases have been identified through improved diagnostic tools. On the other hand, the onset of CD at a later age, including atypical CD forms whose clinical picture overlaps with other autoimmune diseases, shows that currently there are several unknown gene mutations, which could be responsible for the disease development. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is entity included by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal, or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten is removed from the nutrition. In this article relationships between genetically modified rodent animals with previously unknown multiple organ changes and CD, respectively NCGS are reviewed. Relationships between the small bowel histological changes and other organs pathology are discussed. Results of research document that changes have similar genetic background and can develop to serious autoimmune systematic diseases, including small bowel inflammation resembling atypical CD or NCGS. These may have extra-intestinal symptomatology but without a clear explanation of causes and differences in their manifestations. Research on animal models helps to discover links between several disorders associated with gastrointestinal damage. New methods based on individual gene mutations can help in atypical adult CD and NCGS recognitions in the future.

Influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with reduced birth weight and is strongly related to preterm birth. This study analyses the differences in birth outcomes between non-smokers and women who continued to smoke during pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a study of 1,359 mothers who gave birth in 2017-2019 at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Kosice. Data on mothers and newborn infants have been reported from the birth book and from the reports on mothers at childbirth. For low birth weight we considered the weight of a newborn being less than 2,500 g and as for premature birth we referred to childbirth before pregnancy week 37. Two groups of mothers were classified according to the smoking habit during pregnancy and statistically processed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. RESULTS: Infants born by women who smoked during pregnancy had the lower birth weight (2,769.0 grams on average) compared to non-smokers (3,224.1 grams) (p < 0.001). The differences in prevalence of premature birth have not been confirmed as statistically significant. Women who continued smoking during pregnancy were significantly more likely to be very young (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 3.9-8.9; p < 0.001), unmarried (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 6.1-14.0; p < 0.001), of lower level of education (OR = 39.6; 95% CI: 22.6-69.5; p < 0.001), and more likely to consume alcohol (OR = 6.6; 95% CI: 5.8-7.5; p < 0.01), and drugs (OR = 6.6; 95% CI: 5.8-7.5; p < 0.01) during pregnancy. When pregnant, they were most likely to see a doctor for the first time after the first trimester (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.2; p < 0.001) and were more likely to see a doctor less than 8 times (OR = 6.1; 95% CI: 4.2-8.8; p < 0.001) during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Tobacco prevention and cessation campaigns should focus on improving pregnancy outcomes in the future.

Generational differences in selected aspects of social situation and health status of foreigners living in the Czech Republic.

OBJECTIVES: Demographic differentiation caused by the history of migration in the Czech and Slovak Republics led the authors of this article to analyse generational differences in the groups of foreigners living in the Czech Republic (CR) and the impact of generational differences on selected aspects of their social situation and perceived health. The crucial research question was whether and to what degree do different generations of foreigners vary from each other and what impact this has had on their social situation and health determinants. METHODS: The main goal was to examine mutual relationships between selected characteristics of social situation and health determinants in various groups of foreigners living in the CR. A total of 1,003 questionnaires among foreigners officially living in the Czech Republic were collected and analysed. In the area of subjective perception of health, a comparison of foreigners with Czech citizens (representative sample of Czech seniors; 1,172 respondents) in the age category 65+ was made in order to find out whether this perception differs between senior foreign nationals and senior Czechs. RESULTS: Older individuals (50-64 years and 65+ years) appeared to have the best integration into Czech society. This age generation felt positive about stay and migration status in the CR. Older foreigners differ from older Czech citizens who tend to refer to their health as very good to rather good compared to foreigners who described their health as neither good nor bad. The middle generation (30-49 years) of foreigners was characterized by hard work and the initial stages of integration into Czech society. This group also reported positive feelings about living in the CR relative to their home country. CONCLUSION: The oldest generation of foreigners is the best integrated in the Czech Republic (with regard to selected aspects tested in this article). This generation is able to offer new immigrant effective integration strategies. However, they assess their subjective health one degree worse in comparison with Czech seniors (representative sample), this finding should lead to the setting of preventive programmes related to a healthy lifestyle, including lifestyle for foreigners living in the Czech Republic.