Comparison of Vonoprazan vs Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor for Prevention of High-Risk Peptic Ulcers Rebleeding After Successful Endoscopic Hemostasis: A Multicenter Randomized Noninferiority Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: High-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy has been recommended to prevent rebleeding of high-risk peptic ulcer (PU) after hemostasis. Vonoprazan has been proven to be noninferior to PPIs in various acid-related diseases. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of vonoprazan vs PPI for preventing high-risk PU rebleeding after hemostasis. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, noninferiority study was conducted in 6 centers. Pre-endoscopic and endoscopic therapy were performed according to standard protocol. After successful hemostasis, patients with high-risk PU bleeding (Forrest class Ia/Ib, IIa/IIb) were randomized into 1:1 to receive vonoprazan (20 mg twice a day for 3 days, then 20 mg once a day for 28 days) or high-dose PPI (pantoprazole intravenous infusion 8 mg/h for 3 days, then omeprazole 20 mg twice a day for 28 days). The primary outcome was a 30-day rebleeding rate. Secondary outcomes included 3- and 7-day rebleeding rate, all-cause and bleeding-related mortality, rate of rescue therapy, blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, and safety. RESULTS: Of 194 patients, baseline characteristics, severity of bleeding, and stage of ulcers were comparable between the 2 groups. The 30-day rebleeding rates in vonoprazan and PPI groups were 7.1% (7 of 98) and 10.4% (10 of 96), respectively; noninferiority (within 10% margin) of vonoprazan to PPI was confirmed (%risk difference, -3.3; 95% confidence interval, -11.2 to 4.7; P < .001). The 3-day and 7-day rebleeding rates in the vonoprazan group remained noninferior to PPI (P < .001 by Farrington and Manning test). All secondary outcomes were also comparable between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with high-risk PU bleeding, the efficacy of vonoprazan in preventing 30-day rebleeding was noninferior to intravenous PPI. (ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT05005910).

Outcomes and performance of risk scores in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background and Aim: Treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) remains problematic, and clinical data is limited compared to that of upper GIB. This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes and predictors of rebleeding and validate the performance of proposed scoring systems in patients with acute overt LGIB. Methods: Patients with LGIB who underwent colonoscopies between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Overt LGIB patients who presented within 72 h after bleeding onset were included. Demographics, comorbidities, initial management, endoscopic finding, and treatment outcomes were collected. Factors associated with rebleeding were explored, and the performance of Oakland, NOBLAD, and Strate scores regarding mortality and rebleeding were validated. Results: A total of 537 patients from 3402 (age 72 years, 63-80) were included. Of this, 53% took antithrombotic agents and 59% required red cell transfusion, with a median of 4 red cell units. The most common diagnoses were diverticular bleeding (31.3%) and colorectal polyp/cancer (28.9%). The median time to colonoscopy was 2.3 days, and 80.3% of patients did not receive any hemostatic intervention. The 30-day mortality and rebleeding were 2.6% and 18.3%, respectively. Patients with radiation proctitis, angioectasia, diverticulosis and using dual antiplatelet drugs were associated with recurrent bleeding. The risk scores showed low performance in predicting recurrent bleeding and mortality. Conclusion: Acute, overt LGIB was common among elders with comorbidities. The rebleeding risk was mostly linked to underlying lesions and the use of antiplatelet drugs. The performance of current risk stratification scores remains unsatisfactory and requires further development.

Gastric villous adenoma: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Villous adenoma is the one subtype of adenomatous polyp that is very uncommon in the stomach. Data regarding clinical characteristics, natural history, and prognosis were scarce. CASE PRESENTATION: This report presented an 87-year-old Thai woman with a large gastric villous adenoma incidentally revealed in a computed tomography of chest for the evaluation of right pleural effusion. The esophagogastroduodenoscopy demonstrated a huge, glossy, proliferative polypoid mass involving gastric cardia, fundus, and a lesser curve of the upper body. The pathological report confirmed villous adenoma with low grade dysplasia. Although surgical resection was suggested, the patient denied any treatment due to advanced age and multiple comorbidities. She was generally well after 12 months of clinical and radiologic surveillance. CONCLUSION: From literature review, only 14 cases of gastric villous adenoma were reported to date. Most of the lesions were large and symptomatic. Malignancy presented in 43% of the cases. Nevertheless, our patient remained asymptomatic without surgical removal following a 12-month period.

"MURAL" model to predict bleeding from mural-based lesions in potential small bowel bleeding may improve diagnostic capability and decrease cost.

In potential small bowel bleeding, video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is excellent to detect mucosal lesions, while mural-based lesions are better detected by computed tomography enterography (CTE). A predictive tool to identify mural-based lesions should guide selecting investigations. In this retrospective study, we developed and validated the "MURAL" model based on logistic regression to predicts bleeding from mural-based lesions. Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing diagnostic strategy among VCE, CTE, and MURAL model was performed. Of 296 patients, 196 and 100 patients were randomly included in the derivative and validation cohorts, respectively. The MURAL model comprises 5 parameters: age, presence of atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, antiplatelet use, and serum albumin level. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.778 and 0.821 for the derivative and validation cohorts, respectively. At a cutoff value of 24.2%, the model identified mural-based lesions with 70% sensitivity and 83% specificity in the validation cohort. Cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that application of the MURAL model demonstrated a comparable missed lesion rate but had a lower missed tumor rate, and lower cost compared to VCE strategy. The model for predicting mural-based lesions provide some guidance in investigative decision-making, which may improve diagnostic efficiency and reduce costs.

Development and validation of a risk score for predicting clinical success after endobiliary stenting for malignant biliary obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic drainage is the primary treatment for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). This study developed and validated a pre-endoscopic predictive score for clinical success after stent placement. METHODS: Patients with unresectable MBO undergoing ERCP-guided endobiliary stent placement between 2007 and 2017 were randomly divided into derivation (n = 383) and validation (n = 128) cohorts. To develop the risk score, clinical parameters were built by logistic regression to predict (1) ≥ 50% total bilirubin (TB) resolution within 2 weeks and (2) bilirubin normalization (TB level <1.2 mg/dL) within 6 weeks following stenting. The scoring scheme was applied to the validation cohort to test its performance. RESULTS: A ≥ 50% TB resolution within 2 weeks was shown in 70.5% of cases. The risk scoring scheme had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.64-0.76) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.57-0.77) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Thirty-one percent had TB normalization within 6 weeks after stenting. Significant predictors for TB normalization were extrahepatic biliary obstruction (odds ratio [OR] = 2.35), pre-endoscopic TB level (OR = 0.88), and stent type (OR = 0.42). The AUROC of a risk score for predicting TB normalization within 6 weeks was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.72-0.83) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.67-0.86) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. A score > 1.30 yielded a specificity of 98% and a positive predictive value of 84% for predicting TB normalization. A score of < -4.18 provided a sensitivity of 80%-90% and a negative predictive value of 90%-93% for predicting the absence of TB normalization. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-endoscopic scoring system comprising biliary obstruction level, liver biochemistry, and type of stent provides prediction indices for TB normalization within 6 weeks after stenting. This scheme may help endoscopists identify patients with unresectable MBO suited for palliative stenting.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Clinical Outcomes of Non-COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding during the Pandemic.

This study aims to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on clinical outcomes of non-COVID-19 patients hospitalized for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) during the pandemic. A retrospective review is conducted. We recruited patients with UGIB admitted during the pandemic's first wave (April 2020 to June 2020), and the year before the pandemic. The outcomes between the two groups were compared using propensity score matching (PSM). In total, 60 patients (pandemic group) and 460 patients (prepandemic group) are included. Patients admitted during the pandemic (mean age of 67 ± 14 years) had a mean Glasgow−Blatchford score of 10.8 ± 3.9. They were older (p = 0.045) with more underlying malignancies (p = 0.028), had less history of NSAID use (p = 0.010), had a lower platelet count (p = 0.007), and had lower serum albumin levels (p = 0.047) compared to those admitted before the pandemic. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed less frequently during the pandemic (43.3% vs. 95.4%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the procedure was less likely to be performed within 24 h after admission (p < 0.001). After PSM, admissions during the pandemic were significantly associated with decreased chances of receiving an endoscopy (adjusted odds Ratio (OR), 0.02; 95% CI, 0.003−0.06, p < 0.001) and longer hospital stay (adjusted OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.13−3.20, p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a slight increase in 30-day mortality without statistical significance (adjusted OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.71−5.19, p = 0.199) and a marginally higher rebleeding rate (adjusted OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.44−4.03, p = 0.605). During the pandemic, the number of EGDs performed in non-COVID-19 patients with UGIB decreased with a subsequent prolonged hospitalization and potentially increased 30-day mortality and rebleeding rate.

Continuous Infusion of Fluid Hydration Over 24 Hours Does Not Prevent Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive intravenous fluid hydration, by administering 3500 mL of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in 9 h with a peri-procedural bolus, reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) incidence. A concern of this strategy is adverse events related to volume overload; however, the impact of fluid hydration over an extended period without a bolus on PEP is unknown. AIM: To assess the effect of continuous infusion of high-volume fluid at a constant rate over 24 h on PEP incidence and severity. METHODS: Two-hundred patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 3600 mL of LRS in 24 h starting 2 h before the ERCP (high-volume group) or maintenance fluid hydration calculated by the Holliday-Segar method (control group). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 50.6 ± 11.6 years. The predominant indications were choledocholithiasis (48%) and malignancies (32%). Patient demographics and PEP risk factors were similar in both groups. Patients in the high-volume group received significantly more fluid than the control group (3600 vs. 2413 ml, P < 0.001). PEP incidence was not different between the high-volume and the control group (14% vs. 15%; relative risk 0.93: 95% CI 0.48-1.83, P = 0.84). There were no differences in moderate to severe PEP (3% vs. 4%; relative risk 0.75: 95% CI, 0.17-3.27, P = 1.00). Subgroup analysis did not show a benefit in high-risk patients. Only one patient in the control group developed peripheral edema. CONCLUSIONS: An infusion of high-volume hydration over 24 h is not sufficient to provide optimal hydration for PEP prevention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: No. NCT02821546.

Thailand guideline 2020 for medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent and bothersome functional gastrointestinal disorders worldwide, including in Thailand. After a decade of the first Thailand GERD guideline, physician and gastroenterologist encountered substantially increase of patients with GERD. Many of them are complicated case and refractory to standard treatment. Concurrently, the evolution of clinical characteristics as well as the progression of investigations and treatment have developed and changed tremendously. As a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which are developing countries, we considered that the counterbalance between advancement and sufficient economy is essential in taking care of patients with GERD. We gather physicians from university hospitals, as well as internist and general practitioners who served in rural area, to make a consensus in this updated version of GERD guideline focusing in medical management of GERD. This clinical practice guideline was constructed adhering with standard procedure. We categorized the guideline in to four parts including definition, investigation, treatment, and long-term follow up. We anticipate that this guideline would improve physicians' proficiency and help direct readers to choose investigations and treatments in patients with GERD wisely. Moreover, we wish that this guideline would be applicable in countries with limited resources as well.

Value of age and alarm features for predicting upper gastrointestinal malignancy in patients with dyspepsia: an endoscopic database review of 4664 patients in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: Age and alarm features are commonly used as indicators for endoscopy in dyspeptic patients; however, the age cut-off and the predictive value of these parameters for identifying upper gastrointestinal (UGI) malignancies are uncertain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data were extracted from the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Centre of Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, during 2005-2011. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients underwent a first-time upper endoscopy for dyspepsia. Patients with previous surgery, suspected UGI malignancy by imaging, or indefinite biopsy results on prior examination were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Alarm features included dysphagia, unintentional weight loss, GI bleeding/anaemia, and persistent vomiting. The diagnostic performance of each alarm feature and different age cut-off values were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 4664 patients (mean age: 52.0±14.4 years, 66% female) were included. Alarm symptoms were presented in 21.6%. The prevalence of active Helicobacter pylori infection was 26.3%. Fifty-eight (1.2%) patients had UGI malignancy. The prevalence of malignancy significantly increased with increasing age (0.6% in patients aged <50 years, and 1.8% in patients aged >60 years (p<0.001)). Cancer was found in two patients aged <50 years who did not have alarm features. Patients with alarm features had a higher prevalence of malignancy (OR 22.3, 95% CI 10.5 to 47.4; p<0.001) than those without. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of alarm features for UGI malignancy were 87.0%, 79.1%, 4.7% and 99.8%, respectively. Among all age groups, persistent vomiting had a positive likelihood ratio (PLR) >10, while dysphagia and GI bleeding/anaemia had a PLR >10 in patients <50 years old. CONCLUSION: Despite the overall limited value of age and alarm features, persistent vomiting, dysphagia, and GI bleeding/anaemia are strong predictors for malignancy in patients aged <50 years. Without these symptoms, cancer prevalence is negligible; thus, they are worthy guidance for endoscopic evaluation in this age group.

Negative Video Capsule Endoscopy Had a High Negative Predictive Value for Small Bowel Lesions, but Diagnostic Capability May Be Lower in Young Patients with Overt Bleeding.

Background: Patients with potential small bowel bleeding (PSBB) who have negative results of video capsule endoscopy (VCE), clinical course, rate of rebleeding, and missed lesions with their predictors are essential for further management decision. Methods: This retrospective study included patients presenting with PSBB who had negative VCE findings between January 2008 and December 2016. All patients had to have at least two years of follow-up data to be included. Patients with <2 years of follow-up in their medical record were interviewed by telephone to determine if any unrecorded rebleeding episodes occurred. Results: One hundred forty-two patients were included. The mean age was 60.9 years, and 52.8% were male. Eighty-one patients presented with overt bleeding. The median duration of follow-up was 5.08 years. During the follow-up period, 30 patients experienced rebleeding. The cumulative rate of rebleeding at 1, 2, and 5 years was 10.0%, 14.3%, and 22.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and presentation of overt bleeding to be independent predictors of rebleeding. There were only nine small bowel lesions (6.3%) missed by VCE. These nine patients, compared with others, were significantly younger and tended to present with overt bleeding. Conclusion: Rebleeding was not uncommon in PSBB after negative VCE; however, the rate of missing small bowel lesions was low. Nonetheless, further investigations may be considered in young patients who present with overt bleeding.

Learning curve for mastery of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Perspectives from a large Japanese cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a challenging procedure. A dissection speed of ≥9 cm2/h has been acknowledged as a mark for expertise, alongside a complication rate of ≤5% and en bloc resection rate of ≥90%. However, there is lack of objective information on whether the three measures correlate with each other. This study aims to evaluate the dissection speed, safety, and efficacy of colorectal ESDs performed by experts and trainees. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing colorectal ESD at a Japanese hospital (2006-2017) were included in a prospectively collected database. Information on patient demographics, proceduralist, and intra-/postprocedure data was retrieved. The primary outcome was the comparison in dissection speed. The secondary outcomes included differences in safety and efficacy. Log-linear regression models adjusted for confounders (e.g. R0 resection) were used to assess the differences in dissection speed. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety procedures (514 patients) performed by 26 endoscopists were analyzed. Experts performed a higher number of difficult lesions (e.g. F2 fibrosis) but achieved higher dissection speed (10.3 vs 6.7 cm2/h). The difference was statistically significant for both unadjusted and adjusted models (P < 0.0001). The en bloc resection rates were similar for both groups (experts = 95.6%; trainees = 94.7%, P = 0.61). Although nonexperts damaged more of the muscularis propria (18.6 vs 12.5%, P = 0.04), this did not translate into a significant difference in perforation (experts = 3.7%; trainees = 6.9%, P = 0.09) or delayed bleeding (experts = 2.9%; trainees = 4.4%, P = 0.34). The dissection speed steadily increased with expertise. CONCLUSION: Although dissection speed for colorectal ESD was significantly higher for experts, ESDs could be safely and efficaciously performed by ESD trainees.

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in special locations.

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is considered one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures for novice endoscopists. When compared with the stomach, the colon and rectum have a narrower tubular lumen, greater angulation at the flexures, and a thinner muscle layer. These factors make endoscopic control and maneuverability difficult. ESD of the colorectum was considered more difficult than gastric and esophageal ESD. However, with learning from the experts, practicing, and selecting an appropriate technique, most of colorectal ESD could be performed successfully. Nevertheless, some colorectal locations are extremely specialized either from unique anatomy or given unstable scope position. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to provide endoscopists with an overview of the techniques and outcomes associated with ESD at these special colorectal locations. ESD at the discussed special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum was found to be feasible, and outcomes were comparable to those of ESD performed in non-special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum. Practice for skill improvement and awareness of the unique characteristics of each special location is the key to performing successful ESD.

Preoperative endoscopic predictors of severe submucosal fibrosis in colorectal tumors undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Background and study aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables en bloc removal of colorectal neoplasms regardless of size. Submucosal fibrosis is a significant factor for technical difficulty and poor outcomes. We assessed the predictive factors for severe submucosal fibrosis and the ESD outcomes. Patients and methods Patients undergoing ESD from January 2006 to September 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The degree of submucosal fibrosis was classified into three types: no fibrosis (F0), mild fibrosis (F1), and severe fibrosis (F2). F0 and F1 cases were grouped as non-severe fibrosis for comparison with the severe fibrosis group. Predictors of severe submucosal fibrosis and ESD outcomes were evaluated. Results ESD was performed in 524 lesions (60 % male; mean age, 67.8 years). Eighty lesions with severe fibrosis (15.3 %) were observed. The overall en bloc resection rate and curative resection rate were 94.3 % and 77.7 %, respectively. Rates of en bloc resection (91.2 % vs. 94.8 %, P  = 0.2) and perforation (7.5 % vs. 5.6 %, P  = 0.45) were no different between severe fibrosis and non-severe fibrosis groups. However, incidences of non-curative resection and low resection speed were significantly higher in the severe fibrosis group. Among protruding lesions, tumor height and volume were significantly greater in the severe counterparts. A diameter ≥ 40 mm, endoscopic finding of the tumor beyond fold, and fold convergence were independent risk factors for severe fibrosis. Conclusions Severe submucosal fibrosis is a significant risk factor for non-curative resection and a long procedural time. Tumor size and morphology might help to predict the severity of fibrosis.

Thailand Dyspepsia Guidelines: 2018.

The management of dyspepsia in limited-resource areas has not been established. In 2017, key opinion leaders throughout Thailand gathered to review and evaluate the current clinical evidence regarding dyspepsia and to develop consensus statements, rationales, levels of evidence, and grades of recommendation for dyspepsia management in daily clinical practice based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. This guideline is mainly focused on the following 4 topics: (1) evaluation of patients with dyspepsia, (2) management, (3) special issues (overlapping gastroesophageal reflux disease/irritable bowel syndrome and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug/aspirin use), and (4) long-term follow-up and management to provide guidance for physicians in Thailand and other limited-resource areas managing such patients.

Neuroendocrine neoplasm of pancreas with cystic degeneration mimicking mucinous cystic neoplasm.

Endoscopic ultrasound is increasingly being used for evaluation of pancreatic diseases and pancreatic tumors. Among various pancreatic cystic lesions, cystic degeneration of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm is of the challenge in making diagnosis. Although unique characteristic of each type of pancreatic cystic lesions has been proposed abundantly, typical morphology of cystic degeneration of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm is still unclear. We, herein, reported a case of 66-year-old woman who was incidentally found to have a cystic lesion in the tail of pancreas upon screening transabdominal ultrasonography. A well-defined cystic lesion with rim calcification was noted on subsequent abdominal computed tomography. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed a markedly thick-wall cystic lesion containing solid nodule inside which was not enhanced following contrast-enhanced study. A mucinous cystic neoplasm was suspected and the patient was proceeded with distal pancreatectomy. A definite diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasm was confirmed after staining with synaptophysin and chromogranin A. We performed a meticulous review on current literatures focusing on endoscopic characteristics of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with cystic degeneration.

Efficacy and safety of nortriptyline in functional dyspepsia in Asians: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Current treatments of functional dyspepsia (FD) are unsatisfied. Tricyclic antidepressants alter visceral hypersensitivity and brain-gut interaction. We assessed the efficacy and safety of nortriptyline in patients with FD. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with FD according to Rome III criteria who failed to respond to proton pump inhibitor and prokinetic treatment were randomly assigned to either once daily 10-mg nortriptyline or placebo. The primary endpoint was the rate of responders defined as > 50% reduction in dyspepsia symptom score after 8 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoints were improvement in quality of life as assessed by 36-Item Short Form Health Survey score and safety. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients (nortriptyline 28 and placebo 33) were enrolled. Dyspepsia symptom score and duration of symptoms were balanced at entry between both groups. Eight and seven patients in nortriptyline and placebo groups were lost to follow up. Seven patients withdrew due to mild adverse events (nortriptyline 1 and placebo 6). Overall, 19 with nortriptyline and 20 with placebo completed the study. Patients receiving nortriptyline did not achieve higher response rate than those in placebo in both intention-to-treat (53.6% vs 57.6%, P = 0.75) and per-protocol (76.5% vs 73.7%, P = 1.00) analyses. Nortriptyline did not provide improvement in quality of life. The mean difference was 3.8 (P = 0.36) and 0.88 (P = 0.86) by intention-to-treat and 2.9 (P = 0.57) and 3.5 (P = 0.57) by per-protocol analyses in physical and mental component, respectively. All adverse events were minor and similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Nortriptyline was not superior to placebo in management of patients with FD.

Severe enteropathy with villous atrophy in prolonged mefenamic acid users - a currently under-recognized in previously well-recognized complication: Case report and review of literature.

RATIONALE: Mefenamic acid-induced enteropathy may be an under-recognized condition because few reported cases and no review of literature to comprehensively describe all reported cases exist. From inception until February 2017, a systematic literature search identified twenty original reports of cases of mefenamic acid-induced enteropathy. Additional five cases were identified at our hospital. All cases were included in the analyses. PATIENT CONCERNS: Most patients had been regularly taking therapeutic dosages of mefenamic acid for at least three months before symptoms developed. All patients presented with chronic diarrhea with significant weight loss. Approximately one-third of the cases had some degree of anemia and hypoalbuminemia. DIAGNOSES: Endoscopic findings could range from very mild abnormalities, such as mild atrophic mucosa, to marked abnormalities, such as blunted villi with scalloping appearance in the small intestine and inflamed mucosa with a few superficial ulcers in the ileum and colon. Pathological findings included flattened small intestinal villi and mixed inflammatory infiltrates including eosinophils in lamina propria. INTERVENTION: After identifying history of prolong mefenamic acid exposure, all patients were prescribed to stop this medication. Nutritional support and substitutional treatment for mefenamic acid were provided as well. OUTCOMES: All symptoms responded dramatically to drug withdrawal. Some patients could change to use other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without symptoms reoccurring. LESSONS: Unlike other traditional NSAIDs, mefenamic acid could induce intestinal villous atrophy. An adequate drug history is crucial to identifying the condition. Protracted diarrhea occurring during treatment should be the indication to cease the medicine promptly.

The prevalence of steatohepatitis in chronic hepatitis B patients and its impact on disease severity and treatment response.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The clinical significance of steatohepatitis in chronic hepatitis B remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for steatohepatitis in chronic hepatitis B, and to determine its correlation with liver fibrosis and response to antiviral therapy. METHODS: Liver histopathology of 256 consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients with serum hepatitis B virus DNA >2000 IU/mL were analysed with clinical and laboratory characteristics. Virological and biochemical responses were prospectively assessed in the 112 patients treated with antiviral monotherapy. RESULTS: Hepatic steatosis was observed in 38% of the entire cohort, and steatohepatitis was diagnosed in 18% of patients with hepatic steatosis according to Brunt's classification. The presence of steatohepatitis was associated with overweight/obese (odds ratio, 5.99; 95% CI, 1.32-27.2) and hypertriglyceridaemia (odds ratio, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.07-8.15). None of the viral characteristics including HBeAg status, genotypes and viraemia levels was associated with the presence of steatohepatitis. Steatohepatitis was an independent predictor of significant fibrosis (odds ratio, 10.0; 95% CI, 2.08-48.5) and advanced fibrosis (odds ratio, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.11-10.7) after adjusting for viraemia levels and features of the metabolic syndrome. The rates of suppression of serum hepatitis B virus DNA <20 IU/mL combined with aminotransferase normalization at week 48 of antiviral therapy were not different between the steatohepatitis and non-steatohepatitis groups (43% vs 53%; P=.475). CONCLUSIONS: Steatohepatitis is not uncommon in chronic hepatitis B patients. It is associated with metabolic syndrome but not viral factor. This study demonstrates that steatohepatitis is related to the severity of liver fibrosis but it does not affect response to antiviral therapy.