The relationship between earthquake-induced post-traumatic stress disorder and breastfeeding attitude and behavior.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and analyze the relationship between PTSD and breastfeeding attitudes and behaviors among breastfeeding mothers and women with children aged 0-24 months, all of whom had experienced the earthquake. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey, a face-to-face questionnaire was administered to 173 earthquake survivors in Adiyaman, Turkey, during June and July 2023. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian scale was used to assess the presence of PTSD, while the Breastfeeding Attitudes of the Evaluation Scale (BAES) was employed to evaluate breastfeeding behaviors in mothers. RESULTS: Significantly higher PTSD scores (47.6 ± 17.4) were found among women staying in tents, while lower scores (37.0 ± 16.4) were observed in those who continued breastfeeding. 78.6% of women reported decreased breast milk because of the earthquake. Mothers with reduced milk supply had higher PTSD scores (46.1 ± 17.3). Breastfeeding training was associated with higher BAES scores (106.8 ± 56.8) and lower PTSD scores (32.5 ± 11.0). A significant negative correlation was observed between the PTSD score and BAES (r = -0.742; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that breastfeeding may protect mothers against PTSD in the aftermath of earthquakes, emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding education. The higher frequency and severity of PTSD observed among earthquake survivor mothers residing in tents underscores the importance of promptly transitioning to permanent housing after the earthquake.

Evaluation of Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Time in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Nasal mucociliary clearance time (NMCT) is prolonged in patients with olfactory disorders. It is essential to differentially diagnose conductive and neural olfactory disorders. Here, we used the mucociliary clearance test to investigate a disease associated with neural olfactory disorders, i.e. schizophrenia. Data on age, gender, and duration of disease were collected. The study involved 56 schizophrenia patients and 56 healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding age and gender (p = 0.459 and p = 0.768 respectively). Mean NMCT of patients with schizophrenia was 13.82 ± 3.22 min and mean NMCT of healthy controls was 10.15 ± 2.94 min. There was significant difference between the groups regarding NMCT (p < 0.001). In the patient group, there was a significant positive correlation between duration of disease, age, and NMCT (Pearson r = 0.286, p = 0.032, and Pearson r = 0.522, p < 0.001 respectively). This study has shown a prolonged NMCT in patients with schizophrenia compared to the healthy control group.

Investigation of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the average population. Early diagnosis of SCZ patients with subclinical atherosclerosis is great importance in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate some clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis in patients with SCZ. METHODS: Fifty-one SCZ patients (20 females, 31 males) and 55 healthy controls (HCs) (25 females, 30 males) were included in the study. Electrocardiography (ECG), lipid parameters, hemogram, and biochemistry values of the participants were taken. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting triglycerides, and total cholesterol were measured. The arrhythmogenic index of plasma (AIP) was analyzed. The recorded right and left carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurements by carotid ultrasonography were scanned. RESULTS: QT interval (p = 0.035), CIMT-left (p = 0.008), CIMT-right (p = 0.002), fasting triglyceride (p = 0.005), AIP (p = 0.005) in the SCZ group compared to HCs (< 0.001) was statistically higher, while HDL (p = 0.003) was statistically lower. Smoking rates, QT interval (p = 0.035), CIMT-left (p = 0.008), and CIMT-right (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in the the SCZ group than in the HCs. According to odds ratios, individuals with SCZ have a 6.3-fold higher smoking rate. According to Pearson correlation analysis, CIMT-left was positively correlated with age and QT interval (r = 0.568, p < 0.001 and r = 0.589, p < 0.001, respectively). CIMT-right value was also positively correlated with age and QT interval (r = 0.533, p < 0.001 and r = 0.555, p < 0.001, respectively). QT interval positively and significantly predicted CIMT-left and CIMT-right (p < 0.001, ß = 0.549 and p = 0.001 and ß = 0.506 accordingly). CONCLUSION: In this study, a close relationship was found between the QT interval and CIMT in SCZ patients. This finding could be valuable for using an easy-to-calculate data such as QT in place of a laborious test such as CIMT.

Comparison of accidental findings of brain magnetic resonance imaging of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been reported in drug-naive and chronic patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The Fazekas scale is a method used to categorize and grade the severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in brain MRI. These lesions can be indicative of various neurological conditions, particularly small vessel disease or cerebrovascular pathology. METHODS: Brain MRIs of patients followed up with the diagnosis of OCD were retrospectively analyzed. 58 OCD (36 females, 22 males) and 58 healthy controls (HC) (30 females, 28 males) were included in the study. Age, gender, and brain MRI findings of the participants were recorded. RESULTS: The mean ages of the OCD and HC groups were 33.4 ± 10.6 and 35.9 ± 9.3. There was no difference between the groups in terms of mean ages and gender distribution (p = 0.180 and p = 0.260, accordingly). Generalized cerebral atrophy was more common in patients with OCD than in HC (p = 0.008). Fazekas grade 1 was detected in 17.2% of the patients with OCD and 1.7% of HC. Accordingly, it was significantly more common in Fazekas grade 1 OCD patients (p = 0.002). Fazekas grade 2 was detected in only 2 patient with OCD. CVI was present in 20.7% of the patients with OCD and 1.7% of HC. There was a significant difference between the groups regarding CVI (p = 0.001). Ethmoidal thickening was more common in patients with OCD than in HC (p = 0.004). The YBOCS scores and ages of OCD patients with Fazekas grade 1 and 2 were significantly higher than those of patients with Fazekas grade 0. Likewise, the YBOCS scores and ages of OCD patients with generalized cerebral atrophy were significantly higher than those of patients without atrophy. CONCLUSION: It is understood from the present study's findings that CVI, a neurodevelopmental malformation, is more common in patients with OCD. Due to the potential relationship of this anomaly with neuronal migration, it would be appropriate to pay attention to OCD symptoms in individuals with CVI and to perform white matter examination on brain imaging. In future studies, Fazekas grade can be evaluated in drug-naive OCD patients, and data on the pre-disease period can be obtained.

Future expectation levels of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: This study was aimed at examining the future expectations of high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A future expectation questionnaire was administered to 412 high school students, and the change in their expectations for the future during the COVID-19 pandemic period was questioned in this questionnaire. Results: Scale sub-scores and total scores of those who were infected with COVID-19 were significantly lower than those who were not (p < 0.001). The scale sub-scores and total scores of those whose relatives were infected with COVID-19 were significantly lower than those who were not (p < 0.05). The scale sub-scores and total scores of those who think that the pandemic will always continue, those who think that their education is disrupted due to the pandemic, those who think that the pandemic affects their choice of profession, and those who express that they look to the future with more hope than before the pandemic were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.05). Discussion: The future expectation is a more sensitive concept among adolescents than adults. During and after the pandemic, activities should be organized by considering the sensitivity of young people about their future expectations, and families and society should be made aware of this issue.

Evaluation of Nasal Mucociliary Clearance as an Indicator of Nasal Function in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This clinical study aimed to compare the mucociliary clearance time in patients with OCD, a disease associated with neural olfactory disorders, with a healthy control group. The mucociliary clearance time of fifty-one patients with OCD and fifty-two healthy patients (control group) was compared. The saccharin nasal mucociliary clearance test (NMCT) was applied and recorded the sociodemographic data of all participants. The NMCT was longer in OCD patients than healthy controls. There was no statistically significant difference in sociodemographic data between the groups. Our results show that olfactory transmission pathways may be affected in OCD patients. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-03972-2.

A novel diagnosis method for schizophrenia based on globus pallidus data.

This research aims to diagnose schizophrenia with machine learning-based algorithms. Bayesian neural network, logistic regression, decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, and gaussian kernel classification techniques are investigated to diagnose schizophrenia with data from 125 persons. This study showed that left lateral ventricles and left globus pallidus volumes and their percentages in the brain were significantly lower than HCs in FEP patients. Using brain volumes, we were able to diagnose FEP with an accuracy of 73.6 % via logistic regression and with an accuracy of 86.4 % using the SVM kernel classifier method. Therefore, brain volumes can be used to diagnose FEP with the SVM kernel classifier method.

Pre- and post-treatment evaluation of routine blood analysis in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison with the healthy control group.

This study aimed to examine potential disparities in hematologic inflammation parameters between children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their healthy counterparts and to determine whether atomoxetine treatment induced any alterations in inflammation indicators. This case-control study involved 43 children aged 6-13 years, 22 diagnosed with ADHD for the first time, and 21 healthy children. In all children, complete blood count and albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (free T4), folate, vitamin B12, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine and urea values were performed. Children with ADHD were started on atomoxetine treatment, and one month later, the blood test was repeated for those who commenced treatment. Neutrophil (p = 0.005), platelet (PLT) (p = 0.002), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.001), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p < 0.001), systemic immune /inflammation index (SII) (p < 0.001) and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) (p = 0.025) parameters were found to be significantly higher than the control group, while the lymphocyte value (p = 0.001) was found to be significantly lower. In those in the ADHD group, lymphocyte (p = 0.041) and albumin (p = 0.027) values increased significantly after treatment. The results of this study show the increase in inflammation in drug-naive ADHD patients and the partial improvement after treatment. However, there is a need to evaluate inflammation in larger samples after longer-term treatments and follow-ups.

Comparison of frontal QRS-T angle and inflammatory parameters between the patients with drug-naive first episode psychosis and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: Frontal QRS-T (fQRS-T) angle is a novel marker to predict many cardiovascular diseases. The present study aims to compare the fQRS-T angle of first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and healthy controls (HC) and evaluate the relationship between fQRS-T angle and blood count-related inflammatory markers such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR). METHODS: Electrocardiogram (ECG) and complete blood count (CBC) of 63 patients who were diagnosed with drug-naive FEP in the psychiatry clinic of a training and research hospital and 78 healthy controls (HC) individuals who had applied to the health committee polyclinic for recruitment or pre-military examination between 2016 and 2021 were included. RESULTS: fQRS-T angle was wider in FEP patients (55.5o) than in healthy controls (22o) (p < .001). NLR, PLR, and MHR were higher in FEP patients than in healthy controls (p = .001, p < .001, and p < .001, respectively). fQRS-T angle was positively correlated with NLR (r = 0.52 and p < .001) and MHR (r = 0.39 and p = .002) in FEP patients. NLR (t = 2.196 and p = .032) and MHR (t = 5.469 and p < .001) values were found to be the predictors of fQRS-T angle in FEP patients. CONCLUSION: In summary, we can conclude that patients with FEP tend to exhibit a wider fQRS-T angle compared to their healthy controls. Additionally, the values of NLR and MHR could potentially serve as useful indicators for predicting the fQRS-T angle in FEP patients. Conducting subsequent long-term studies could provide deeper insights into the interpretation of the fQRS-T angle and its potential connection to cardiovascular diseases in schizophrenia patients.

The Relationship of Ten-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Clinical Features in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the one of the most important causes of mortality in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate ten-year CVD risk and its relationship with clinical features in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 208 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was administered to each patient to assess symptom severity of schizophrenia. The 10-year CVD risk of the participants was calculated with the QRISK*3 model. Results: 10-year CVD risk of the patients was found to be 7.4%. The mean healthy heart age (QAGE) of the patients was 53.1. Duration of disease, body mass index (BMI), and negative symptoms severity was positively correlated with 10-year CVD risk in patients with schizophrenia (r=0.57, r=0.37, and r=0.49, respectively). Duration of disease, BMI, and severity of negative symptoms predicted a 10-year CVD risk in patients with schizophrenia (t=4.349 and p<0.001; t=2.108 and p=0.037; t=2.836 and p=0.006 respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study have shown that duration of disease, negative symptoms, and BMI may be important risk factors for increased CVD risk in patients with schizophrenia.

Elevated Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome.

Objective: There are studies in the literature that link restless legs syndrome with increasing cardiovascular disease risk. The reason for this was that increased sympathomimetic activation in restless legs syndrome causes tachycardia, hypertension, and autonomic instability. We intended to assess the cardiovascular disease risk in patients with restless legs syndrome using electrocardiogram parameters. Methods: The present investigation compared the demographic characteristics, electrocardiogram variables, and lab results of 40 patients diagnosed with restless legs syndrome with 43 healthy controls. Results: Restless legs syndrome patients had a higher frontal QRS-T angle than healthy control patients. Restless legs syndrome patients had lower hemoglobin, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, albumin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. There was a significant increase in eosinophil, platelet, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio values in patients with restless legs syndrome. The frontal QRS-T angle is highly correlated with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = .001). Similarly, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio values were significantly correlated with frontal QRS-T (P = .011 and P = .24). Conclusion: The fact that frontal QRS-T angle and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were correlated in the restless legs syndrome group in our study suggests that the inflammatory process may have increased the risk of cardiovascular disease in restless legs syndrome patients. Our findings show that the frontal QRS-T angle is high in restless legs syndrome patients. We conclude that C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio are higher in the restless legs syndrome patient group and are related to cardiovascular disease risk.

Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in obsessive compulsive disorder.

Many studies have shown that limbic system abnormalities are seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the neurobiological changes in OCD are still unclear. Moreover, olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and its association with symptom severity have not been yet investigated in patients with OCD. This is the first study on OBV and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) values in OCD patients, to the best of our knowledge. Between January 2018 and March 2022, 25 patients with OCD and 26 healthy controls with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. Detailed disease history of OCD patients was taken, and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (YBOCS) was applied. The mean age of the patient group was 33.40±9.58, the mean age of the control group was 32.84±8.01. LOBV, ROBV, TOBV, and LOSD in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group (p=.013, p=.005, p=.001, p=.015, respectively). ROBV and TOBV were negatively correlated with YBOCS total and subscale scores. A negative correlation was found between ROBV and TOBV and disease duration (r=-0.749 and r=-0.640, respectively). The negative correlation of ROBV and TOBV values with disease duration and disease severity can be used to monitor the neurodegenerative process of OCD disease.

Comparison of Incidental Findings of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Schizophrenia Patients, First-Episode Psychosis Patients and Healthy Controls.

BACKGROUND: It has been emphasized for a long time that neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this study, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 97 patients with schizophrenia (SCH), 42 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, and 70 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed, and abnormal findings on brain MRI were recorded. Participant's age, gender, and brain MRI findings were recorded retrospectively. Fazekas grades evaluated the distribution of white matter hyperintensities in the brain. RESULTS: The mean ages of FEP, SCH, and HC were 24.8±6.3, 36.9±11.5, and 36±10.5, respectively. Generalized cerebral atrophy was higher in SCH and HC than in FEP groups, and frontoparietal atrophy was higher in the SCH group than in HC and FEP groups (p<0.001). The percentage of Fazekas Grade-1 was higher in the SCH group than HC and FEP groups (p=0.006). Additionally, the cavum veli interpositi (CVI) rate was higher in FEP and SCH groups than in the HC group (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Although there was no significant age difference between the SCH and HC groups, the higher prevalence of generalized cerebral atrophy in the SCH group may indicate the neurodegenerative process of schizophrenia. The fact that CVI, a congenital brain anomaly, was detected more frequently in the FEP and SCH groups may suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with neurodevelopmental process.

The Relationship Between Digital Game Addiction and Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction in Adolescents.

Background In this study, it was aimed to examine digital addiction, loneliness and social dissatisfaction among adolescents studying in Adiyaman, Turkey, and to determine the relationship with each other. Methodology Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children (DGASFC) and Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (LSDQ) were administered to 634 middle and high school students. A questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool. Results DGASFC scores and LSDQ scores were found to be higher in males, in high school students, in those whose parents' education level was high school or above, in those whose parents lived separately, in those with good economic status, in those who were younger, and in those who were not restricted by their families. A significant positive correlation was found between DGASFC and LSDQ scores. Conclusions Digital addiction should be followed closely in terms of accompanying disorders or pathologies that predispose to it. In our study, it was found that digital game addiction, loneliness and social dissatisfaction decreased with age. However, this applies separately to middle school and high school groups. Because, despite their older age, high school adolescents have been found to be more digitally dependent, lonely and socially dissatisfied than secondary school students. Contrary to the studies in the literature, the risk of digital addiction, loneliness and social dissatisfaction was found to be low in those with low economic status.

Comparison of Frontal QRS-T Angle in Patients with Panic Disorder and Healthy Control Group: A Preliminary Study.

Background: Autonomic instability is blamed for panic disorder pathophysiology. It has been suggested that this may raise the risk of cardiovascular disease. A new proposal for ventricular depolarization and repolarization impairment is the frontal QRS-T angle. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 61 patients with panic disorder and 73 healthy controls were included. The severity of panic disorder was evaluated using the Severity Measure for Panic Disorder-Adult. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, hemogram, and biochemistry data were recorded. Results: Patients with panic disorder had a greater frontal QRS-T angle than healthy controls. In panic disorder patients, the values for hemoglobin, eosinophil count, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were all significantly lower than healthy controls. In comparison to healthy controls, panic disorder patients had significantly higher values for total cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Significant correlations were found between frontal QRS-T and Severity Measure for Panic Disorder-Adult, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. The frontal QRS-T value is positively and significantly predicted by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio value according to the linear regression analysis for the frontal QRS-T angle [F(6.54) = 8.375, P < .001, adjusted R 2: 0.424]. Conclusion: The current study found that the frontal QRS-T angle increased with the severity of the disease in patients with panic disorder. Frontal QRS-T angle may help to estimate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with panic disorder. This relationship may be necessary in terms of cardiovascular events and inflammatory conditions.

Comparison of Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients with COVID-19 Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit and Non-Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare of psychiatric symptoms in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care units and non-intensive care units. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 3351 hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 were retrospectively scanned, and 130 of patients were checked by attending consultation psychiatrists. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in ICU (75±11.3) was higher than those hospitalized in non-ICU (57.9±14) (p<0.001). The rate of patients aged 65 and over was higher in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized ICU (86.3%) than those hopitalized in non-ICU (40.5%) (p<0.001). The frequency of psychiatric consultations due to delirium was higher in the patients hospitalized in ICU than those hospitalized in non-ICU (p<0.001). Haloperidol and SSRIs were preferred more frequently by psychiatrists in the patients hospitalized in ICU than those hospitalized in non-ICU (p<0.001 and p=0.041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia and delirium are the most frequent psychiatric manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and delirium and anxiety are more common in the COVID-19 patients who are hospitalized in ICU.

Comparison of frontal QRS-T angle in patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prominent cause of death in patients with schizophrenia. Frontal QRS-T (fQRS-T) angle is a novel marker of myocardial depolarization and repolarization heterogeneity. Recent studies have indicated that the fQRS-T angle is associated with some cardiovascular abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the fQRS-T angle and its relationship with symptoms severity in patients with schizophrenia. One hundred-six patients with schizophrenia and sixty-four healthy controls were included in this study. fQRS-T angle and QT interval measurements were calculated for each participant from the automatic report of the 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) device. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were performed on the patients with schizophrenia. Corrected QT (QTc) interval and fQRS-T angle were significantly higher in the patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). fQRS-T angle was positively correlated with age (r = 0.43), duration of disease (r = 0.37), and negative symptoms scores (r = 0.39). In linear regression analysis, the disease duration and negative symptom severity were the independent predictors of fQRS-T angle in patients with schizophrenia (t = 3.730, p = 0.003 and t = 2.257, p = 0.023, respectively). The fQRS-T angle may be an important ECG parameter to interpret cardiovascular disease risk in patients with schizophrenia.

Risk-Taking Behavior in Recovered COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate risk-taking behavior and decision-making processes in recovered COVID-19 patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients recovered from COVID-19 as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and twenty-one healthy individuals were recruited. A computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT) for measuring risk-taking behavior tendencies as a decision-making process and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and WMS-R Digit Span Forward Test (DSFT) for clinical assessments included. The assessments of the recovered patients were applied on the initial phase that the tests of the patients were negative and on the 4-week follow up phase. RESULTS: The results showed that the anxiety scores were significantly higher in the healthy control group than in the group of recovered patients. The IGT-Net 4 scores were significantly and IGT-Net total scores were marginally significantly lower in the group of recovered patients. In other words, recovered patients showed higher risk-taking behavior tendencies. This tendency difference is consistent with the anxiety levels of the groups. These IGT scores showed to be persistent in the 4-week follow up phase. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that recovered patients show higher risk-taking behavior tendencies than healthy controls and this may be the result of overcoming the COVID-19 threat.