Exploring the middle ground between environmental protection and economic growth.

Public preference concerning the environment and the economy typically has been characterized as either pro-environmental protection or pro-economic development. Researchers and policymakers increasingly suggest that environmental protection and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. However, use of dichotomous-choice policy preference questions persists. This note empirically examines an alternative response format for the typical dichotomous-choice environmental/economic policy preference question and explores respondents' stated policy preferences in light of their support for recycling. We find that most respondents do not view environmental protection and economic development policy goals to be mutually exclusive. Most respondents view economic growth and environmental protection as compatible suggesting a more heterogeneous view of the environment-economic relationship than oft reported. Hence excluding a middle response choice to the standard environment/economic policy preference question may add measurement error, increase item nonresponse, and fail to account for the views of respondents who view these goals as complementary.

Influence of energy alternatives and carbon emissions on an institution's green reputation.

Institutions' reputation for being environmentally friendly or 'green' can come from many sources. This paper examines how the attributes of alternative energy management plans impact an institutions' 'green' reputation by focusing on the interaction between 'external' and 'internal' influences. Some 'external' influences on environmental reputation we studied include the institution's mix of fuels, energy conservation effort, carbon emissions targets, investment time-frame, and program cost. The 'internal' influences on institutions' green reputation we examined include altruism (respondents' concern for the welfare of others) and environmentalism (respondents' concern for the environment). Using a stated-preference conjoint survey, we empirically examine how attributes of alternative energy management plans influence a large, research university's 'green' reputation. Our results show that constituents benefit from their institution's green reputation and that the energy management choices of the institution can significantly influence its perceived green reputation. Furthermore, integrating internal and external influences on reputation can create more informative models and better decision-making.

A soft systems approach to watershed management: a road salt case study.

Watershed management requires integration of social and ecological understanding. Participatory approaches to planning and management incorporate stakeholder knowledge and understanding. An action research strategy using focus groups with Michigan State University operations units helped generate a soft systems model of watershed impacts of organizational decision-making regarding road de-icing. The results reveal tensions and inconsistencies between the mission and operation of the institution. These tensions are exacerbated by inadequate communication among various elements of the campus watershed management system. The action research approach facilitated the researchers' understanding of the complex institutional system and helped identify possible areas for making improvements. Specifically, the researchers were able to facilitate improvement in some linkages between scientists developing campus watershed models and the operations staff responsible for handling many of the inputs being modeled.

How do delirium and dementia increase length of stay of elderly general medical inpatients?

The purpose of this study was to identify the proximate causes through which dementia and delirium extend length of stay (LOS) in elderly general hospital patients. Among 93 patients age >/=65 years admitted to a tertiary-care teaching hospital through the emergency department, admission ratings of cognitive impairment, delirium, and dementia predicted the emergence of mental and behavioral manifestations of delirium and dementia in the hospital and greater LOS. Mental and behavioral manifestations also predicted greater LOS. On average, mental manifestations appeared first and were followed by behavioral manifestations, and the appearance of both types of manifestations occurred before the mean LOS. The results suggest that elderly patients with dementia and/or delirium who become symptomatic after admission to a general hospital first show mental signs and symptoms, then show behavioral disturbances, which appear to be the proximate causes of greater LOS.

Untying a Lancastrian bundle: valuing ecosystems and ecosystem services for wetland mitigation.

A utility-theoretic model indicates that mitigation prices for wetland ecosystems depend on preferences and technical knowledge. Empirical analysis found gaps in respondents' knowledge about such ecosystems. Valuing wetland types requires dealing with respondents' possible misinformation, by developing tools for informing respondents or by combining service-based valuations with valid technical data.