Separation of benzodiazepines using capillary electrochromatography.

Benzodiazepines are often used for the treatment of epilepsy, convulsions, and many psychiatric disorders. The widespread use of this class of drugs has occasionally raised concern about recreational benzodiazepine abuse and has led to the erroneous impression that benzodiazepines have a relatively high abuse liability among recreational drug users. Therefore, the separation and identification of these compounds is of great interest. In general, the separation of benzodiazepines is performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recently, capillary electrochromatography, which combines the high efficiency of capillary zone electrophoresis and the high selectivity of HPLC, has gained much attention. The focus of the work reported here is the use of a 40-cm packed bed of Reliasil 3- microm C(18) stationary phase to separate seven benzodiazepines. Optimal conditions are established by varying the mobile phase, amount of organic modifier, buffer concentration, applied voltage, and column temperature. A mobile phase composition of Tris-HCl (pH 8)-acetonitrile (60:40), an electrolyte concentration of 30mM, and a temperature of 15 degrees C with an applied voltage of 20 kV proves to be optimum. In addition, the method developed here is applied to the characterization of oxazepam in a standard urine sample.

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using polymeric surfactant as a stationary phase coating.

We describe the use of the polymeric surfactant poly(sodium undecylenic sulfate) (poly-SUS) as a stationary phase coating in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the analysis of beta-blocker and benzodiazepine analytes. The production of a polymeric surfactant coating on the capillary inner wall involves (i) adsorption of the cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) to the inner surface of capillary, and (ii) adsorption of the negatively charged poly-SUS onto the cationic polymer layer via strong physical interaction of the two polymer layers. As compared with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) coupled with ESI-MS, the main advantage of this proposed method is minimization of introduction of the monomeric or polymeric surfactant into the mass spectrometer, thus avoiding the interference of the nonvolatile micelle in ESI-MS. The effects of buffer pH and applied voltage on the separation of the analytes are also discussed. Under optimum conditions, four of the five beta-blockers and four benzodiazepines are separated.

Chiral separations using polymeric surfactants and polyelectrolyte multilayers in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.

In this study, fused-silica capillaries are modified using a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating procedure in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. The PEM coating was constructed in situ with alternating rinses of positively and negatively charged polymers. The quaternary ammonium salt poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was used as the cationic polymer, and the polymeric surfactant poly (sodium N-undecanoyl-l-leucylvalinate) was used as the anionic polymer. Previous studies have shown that the PEM-coated capillaries used for achiral separations have excellent reproducibilities and high stabilities against extreme pH values. In the current study, this PEM coating approach was applied to chiral separations of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dihydrogenphosphate (BNP), 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol, secobarbital, pentobarbital, and temazepam. However, the PEM coating procedure used in the achiral studies needed to be significantly modified in order to achieve chiral separations. Optimal conditions were established by varying the additives (sodium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) in the polymer deposition solutions, the salt concentration, the column temperature, and the bilayer number. Reproducibilities were evaluated by use of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and the first peak ((R)-(+)-BNP). In all cases, the run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary RSD values of EOF were less than 0.5%, and the run-to-run RSD values of the (R)-(+)-BNP peak were less than 1%. In addition, more than 230 runs were performed on a single PEM-coated capillary.

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using a polymeric surfactant coating.

A stable polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating was investigated for use in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (o-CEC). In this approach, the PEM consisted of the cationic polymer of a quaternary ammonium salt, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and the anionic polymeric surfactant, poly(sodium undecylenic sulfate). Both the cationic and anionic polymers were physically adsorbed to the surface of a fused-silica capillary by use of a simple coating procedure. This procedure involved an alternate rinse of the positively and negatively charged polymers. The performance of the PEM coating as a dynamic stationary phase was evaluated by use of electrochromatographic experiments and showed good selectivity for both phenols and benzodiazepines. Reproducibility of the PEM coating was also evaluated by calculating the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the electroosomotic flow (EOF). The run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary RSD values of the EOF were less than 1.5%. The endurance of the coating was more than 100 runs. The importance of the PEM coating was illustrated by comparing separations on a bare uncoated capillary with the coated capillary. In addition, the chromatographic performance using o-CEC and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was compared for the separation of benzodiazepines.

Analytical separations using molecular micelles in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) is an alternative approach to conventional CEC. The primary advantage of OT-CEC is the elimination of problems associated with frits and silica particles in conventional CEC. This report is an investigation of the utility of using a polymeric surfactant (molecular micelle) for OT-CEC. In this approach, fused-silica capillaries coated with thin films of physically adsorbed charged polymers are developed by use of a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating procedure. The PEM coating is constructed in situ by alternating rinses with positively and negatively charged polymers, where the negatively charged polymer is a molecular micelle. This can offer a number of advantages for separation of hydrophobic analytes. In this study, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was used as the cationic polymer and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-glycinate) was used as the anionic polymer for PEM coating. The performance of the modified capillaries as a separation medium is evaluated by use of seven benzodiazepines as analytes. The run-to-run, day-to-day, week-to-week, and capillary-to-capillary reproducibilities of electroosmotic flow are very good with relative standard deviation values of less than 1% in all cases. In addition, the chromatographic performance of the monomeric form of the molecular micelle is compared for the separation of these analytes. The PEM-coated capillary was remarkably robust with more than 200 runs accomplished in this study. Strong stability against extreme pH values was also observed. The general utility of this approach is discussed in detail.