ABSTRACT
The inclusion of protease inhibitors in serum or plasma samples has been found to significantly impact the isoform profile of selected plasma proteins as seen on 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels. With the addition of a protease inhibitor cocktail, several human plasma protein trains [depleted of albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG)] exhibited higher isoelectric point (pI) isoforms. This shift was especially apparent for apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1), a relatively high abundance protein. The six protease inhibitor components of the cocktail were individually investigated with albumin and IgG depleted human plasma, and it was shown that the observed effects were caused by 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), a serine protease inhibitor that covalently modifies proteins and/or peptides. Several serine-and/or tyrosine-containing peptides of apo A1 were modified with a concomitant mass increase of 183 Da, which is consistent with the mass increase expected following reaction with AEBSF. These modifications were observed with increasing propensity in the higher pI spots. An increase in both the number and proportion of modified peptides with increasing pI was also observed. A model is proposed for the random or stochastic coupling of AEBSF-derived moieties to serine and/or tyrosine residues throughout apo A1 and potentially other plasma proteins.
Subject(s)
Artifacts , Blood Chemical Analysis/methods , Blood Proteins/analysis , Blood Proteins/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional/methods , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Plasma/chemistry , Protein Isoforms/analysis , Protein Isoforms/chemistry , Serum/chemistry , Specimen Handling/methodsABSTRACT
A method is presented for the recovery and subsequent guanidination of tryptic peptides from samples previously spotted on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) target. The procedure is shown to have applicability to both in-solution and in-gel digests, yielding improved confidence in protein identification and sequence coverage in all instances. Recovery from the plate is essentially quantitative, with no residual analyte observed on the target spot. The technique is rapid, simple, and has extended applicability to other processing steps, including (but not limited to) derivatization for specific peptide studies or enzymatic treatment for subsequent profiling of posttranslational modifications. This method circumvents the failure of an initial analysis to generate suitable information and is particularly relevant for the analysis of precious samples.
