[Hygiene and the spectral energtic light pattern].

There are considered methodological bases of multicriteria synthesis of a spectral energetic pattern for the evaluation of the excessive share of blue and red light in the spectrum of artificial energy sources. The basis of this methodology is relied upon on the hygienic approach to the spectrum analysis of solar and led light. Relying upon on "photobiological paradox of vision" according to M. A. Ostrovsky, conditions of "melanopsin cross" and mechanisms of adverse impact of light on vision, all the spectral-energy characteristics of solar light were divided into subspaces. The border between them became a spectral energy pattern for the evaluation of artificial sources on the security of their impact on eye and human health according to criteria of the excessive dose of blue or red light. On two examples there was shown the effectiveness and clarity of this estimation with the using of the spectral energetic pattern of light.

[Major risk factors and cardiovascular disease prevalence among petrochemical workers].

Objective. Based on the assessment of occupational and non-occupational risk factors, development of preventive measures for the reducing of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) prevalence among petrochemical workers. Material and Methods. A total of 2,634 petrochemical workers have been examined. To identify modified and unmodified risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, comprehensive hygienic and clinical laboratory studies have been carried out. Results. The obtained results have shown a higher riskfor the development of cardiovascular disease among operators as compared to metal workers for instrumentation and automation repairs. Based on the assessment of risk factors, preventive measures implemented at personal and corporative levels have been developed.

[WORKLOAD OF PASSENGER TRAIN DRIVER AT DIFFERENT ROADS AND DRIVING REGIMES].

There was performed a chronometer study of the workload of passenger train drivers in the work in the areas of circulation differing in the complexity of the track profile and in working in various modes of conducting the train. As a result of the chronometer study of the workload of passenger train drivers in the work in the areas of circulation differing in the complexity of the track profile there was determined the structure of the workload of the operational activity of drivers and revealed the dependence of the increase in the number of control actions in the complication of the track profile. Analysis of data obtained as a result of the study of patterns of the activity in the manual mode and with the use of the automatic driving system showed a marked decrease in active control actions, but also revealed the growing problem of physical inactivity among train drivers. In addition, the issue of the preservation of movement and motor skills when working with systems of automatic driving trains requires a more detailed study.

[Features of White LED Daylight and human health].

Today it is not enough to focus only on energy-saving concept, but it should be taken into account the complex changes in the human body when exposed to not only visual and psychological, but also biological components and led lighting. Such approach to the hygienic assessment of led lighting will help to reveal both how the risks of exposure are dangerous and to identify hygienic and constructional solutions in the development of LED lamps. Led lighting as a factor of stimulation of the human hormonal system can, along with metabolic syndrome, increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

[Hygienic and environmental problems of energy-saving illumination in urbanization of Crimea].

The article considers the problems offloodlights pollution in the territory of Crimea due to the work of illumination led equipment of the key elements of the international transport artery "China-Europe". There was performed a qualitative assessment of characteristics of led floodlights pollution on the example of the sea surface of the transport crossing through the Kerch Strait. Ichthyologists and oceanographers were shown to estimate the amount of phytoplankton biomass based on sunlight illumination. The excess dose of blue light in the spectrum of led lighting was established to have an impact on phytoplankton greater than solar and lunar light, creating preconditions for the increase of biological mass of phytoplankton and consequently to the formation of the "stern stock". Arising from additional phytoplankton biomass can significantly influence on the schedule offish migration in waters of the Kerch Strait, the biomass of mosquitoes and midges, which are prey for amphibians and birds. The decline of the both light pollution and its negative impact on fauna andflora requires the development of semiconductor sources of white light with a biologically adequate spectrum in the framework of the "Lighting of the lighting equipment of Crimea".

[LED LIGHTING AS A FACTOR FOR THE STIMULATION OF THE HORMONE SYSTEM].

There are considered questions of non-visual effects of blue LED light sources on hormonal systems (cortisol, glucose, insulin) providing the high human performance. In modern conditions hygiene strategy for child and adolescent health strategy was shown to be replaced by a strategy of light stimulation of the hormonal profile. There was performed a systematic analysis of the axis "light stimulus-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenals-cortisol-glucose-insulin". The elevation of the content of cortisol leads to the increase of the glucose level in the blood and the stimulation of the production of insulin, which can, like excessive consumption of food, give rise to irreversible decline in the number of insulin receptors on the cell surface, and thus--to a steady reduction in the ability of cells to utilize glucose, i.e. to type 2 diabetes or its aggravation.

[DEONTOLOGICAL ISSUES IN RAILWAY HYGIENE].

There are presented the main ethical and deontological problems encountered in practice and research activities of the hygienist in transport. There is shown the importance of strict compliance with hygienic standards, disregard for the principle of "technical attainability", the necessity of continuous training, improvement of skills of sanitary-educational activity and readiness to solve emerging ethical issues in connection with the development of scientific and technical progress.

[MICROCLIMATE CONDITION IN SUBWAY CARS IN THE SUMMER PERIOD OF THE YEAR].

There are presented the results of the work, which aims to identify the relationship between the temperature of air in the salons of subway cars from the heat output of passengers in different people occupancy of cars during "peak hours", and to determine the efficacy offorced air handling regular ventilation or air conditioning system to remove the elevated heat load on passengers. In the work there was used the method of calculating the amount of heat output of 215 passengers (nominal fullness of the chamber) and the simulation method of heat and moisture output of the same number of passengers. The operating system of ventilation has been shown to fail to decline the average temperature of the air in the passenger compartment to the optimum values and most efficient approach for the reducing the heat load on the passengers is the use of air conditioning systems.

[LIGHT POLLUTION AS THE HYGIENIC PROBLEM].

Mass introduction of lighting devices according to the concept of "maximum coverage area" and multistoried buildings of cities gave rise to light pollution, which became a problem for astronomers, ecologists and hygienists. Analysis of modern lighting devices and installations has shown that about 30-45% of the luminous flux becomes the light pollution. Night lighting of cities causes both direct and indirect damage to the environment, leads to unnecessary energy wastes. So in the USA due to excessive light there is wasted about 2 million barrels of oil per day. Light pollution affects the human hormonal system, causing various health disorders, such as insomnia and depression as a consequence. The light pollution through the ganglion cells of the retina affects the synthesis of melatonin by the pineal gland (epiphysis) and contributes to its calcification, which greatly affects the human psyche. At present, many countries have been paying much state attention to this problem via delivery of national documents and change of the concept of the designing of lighting devices and installations. The essence of this concept--to shine with a preset quality of light only in the right place at the specified time interval. This reduces the light pollution, saves energy and increases the environmental safety of lighting. There is presented an example of a technical solution to reduce the light pollution in the application of the light panel in the form of the gradient of the light guide generator project development.

[Visual hygiene in LED lighting. Modern scientific imaginations].

There are considered a classic and modern paradigm of perception of light and its impact on human health. To consider the perception of light as a complex self-organizing synergistic system of compression of information in the process of its sequencing was supposed. This allowed to develop a complex of interrelated measures, which may become the basis for modern hygiene, and determine requirements for the led lamp with biologically adequate spectrum of the light, for which there were obtained patents in Russia, Europe and USA.

[To the issue on the optimization and regulation of microclimate in the subway trains and stations].

There is presented an overview of currently existing regulatory framework governing the parameters of the microclimate in the salons of subway passenger cars and stations. Analysis of the normative documents indicated that they contain very incomplete, contradictory, often unfounded information about the parameters of microclimate parameters in salons of subway rolling stock. Also, there are no clear cut hygienically-sound requirements for the work of imposed on the rolling stock subway systems provide microclimate, including new systems for air conditioning and disinfection.

[Functional state of the visual analyzer in the conditions of the use of traditional and LED light sources].

There was performed the experimental work on the study of the possibility of the application of LED lighting (LED light sources) in rail transport for traffic safety in related professions. Results of 4 series of studies involving 10 volunteers for the study and a comparative evaluation of the functional state of the visual analyzer, the general functional state and mental capacity under the performing the simulated operator activity in conditions of traditional light sources (incandescent, fluorescent lamp) and the new LED (LED lamp, LED panel) light sources have revealed changes in the negative direction. This was pronounced in a some decrease of functional stability to color discrimination between green and red cone signals, as well as an increase in response time in complex visual--motor response and significant reduction in readiness for emergency action of examinees.

[Proper use of gas masks as prevention of occupational diseases].

In the paper there are considered the problems arising from the use of respirators: 1. Modern methods used to replace the gas mask filter, 2. Conditions for safe re-use filters which are not fully developed their service life period 3. The conditions of safe use ofrespiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the immediately dangerous air pollution. Measures for the protection of health, based on the common practice of using RPE in the developed countries, which include: the development and application of regulations governing the selection and the use of respirators, filter replacement, training of staff have been proposed.

[The structure of a professional viral hepatitis morbidity in medical staff in the Primorsky Krai].

The study of cases with occupational parenteral viral hepatitis "B", "C" in the medical personnel of health institutions was conducted on 238 epidemiological maps infectious focus (Form 357/u)for the period 1996-2011. At the same time 1,000 employees of health facilities were surveyed with the aim to determine the awareness of health professionals workers about the risk of parenteral viral hepatitis "B", "C", ways of the transmission and danger level of infection, the level of knowledge on prevention of occupational infection, prevention of infringement of the measures in the work of medical staff that increase the risk of transmission of viral hepatitis. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 73 years. The average age was 43,9 +/- 1,8 years. 83.1% out of them were females, 16.9% - males There is an urgent need to study the occupational occurrence of parenteral viral hepatitis in health staff in the dynamics for the development and timely adoption measures for prevention

[Studies of cellular immunity in medical workers with occupational asthma and obstructive bronchitis in health care institutions of Primorsky Krai].

Research was carried out on the basis of voluntary consent to the study of the characteristics of cellular immunity from the blood samples of the medical staff of health institutions of Primorsky Krai suffered from occupational bronchial asthma and obstructive bronchitis. For this purpose, 23 female patients with a diagnosis of occupational asthma, 100 female cases with obstructive bronchitis were examined. Mean age was 47.9 +/- 3.5 years. The control group was consisted of 30 healthy women, average age of 46.7 +/- 3.7years. The aim of our study was to investigate the changes of cellular immunity in health care workers with occupational asthma and obstructive bronchitis. There is an urgent need to study the dynamics of immunogram for proper interpretation and to take measures to prevent complications timely.

[Modern structure of incidence rates of tuberculosis in health care medical workers in Primorsky Krai].

The aim of the study was the analysis of the reasons of occurrence of tuberculosis in the medical personnel of the medical-and-prophylactic organizations carrying out medical activity in Primorsky Krai. During 1996-2011 in phthisiatric establishments professional tuberculosis was recorded in 27.8% of doctors; in 29.1% of nursing personnel; in 31.6% of the medical attendants; in 11.4% of technical staff. In structure of professional infectious diseases pulmonary tuberculosis accounted for 86.8%; tuberculosis of other organs and systems--13.2%.

[Energy saving and LED lamp lighting and human health].

The appearance of new sources of high-intensity with large proportion of blue light in the spectrum revealed new risks of their influence on the function of the eye and human health, especially for children and teenagers. There is an urgent need to reconsider the research methods of vision hygiene in conditions of energy-saving and LED bulbs lighting. On the basis of a systematic approach and knowledge of the newly discovered photosensitive receptors there was built hierarchical model of the interaction of "light environment - the eye - the system of formation of visual images - the hormonal system of the person - his psycho-physiological state." This approach allowed us to develop a range of risk for the negative impact of spectrum on the functions of the eye and human health, as well as to formulate the hygiene requirements for energy-efficient high-intensity light sources.

[Prevalence and characteristics of the "burnout syndrome" of the medical staff of cancer and TB institutions of Primorskii Krai].

As 50 doctors and 70 nurses in oncologic dispensaries as well 90 doctors and 110 nurses in tuberculosis dispensaries in Primorye have been studied on the basis of voluntary testing methods supposed by C. Maslach and V.V. Boiko. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative prevalence and psychological features of the "burnout syndrome" among doctors and nurses of oncologic and tuberculosis dispensaries in Primorye Territory. "Emotional burnout" in various stages of its development is much more common among nurses (75% of respondents), compared with physicians (less than 50% tested). In nursing professional burnout syndrome developed significantly more frequently in the more severe form, and with less seniority of professional activity. The dependence of burning on the age and professional experience is more common for physicians. There is an urgent need to study the epidemiology of the "burnout syndrome" and identify ways to prevent the formation of social syndrome in medical personnel.

[Priorities for health improvement in the medical personnel of phthisiatric service in the Primor'ie Territory].

The authors analyze occupational morbidity rates in the medical personnel of tuberculosis facilities in the Primorsky Territory, as well as the location of the institutions (workrooms) and the influence of occupational factors on medical workers. The nature of work and working conditions in the medical workers of a tuberculosis facility where they are exposed to occupational hazards in practically 100% of cases necessitate effective measures to promote and preserve their health. The absence of standard buildings and premises for tuberculosis facilities and the low efficiency of rehabilitative sanatorium-and-spa treatment, health improvement, and the prevention of occupational diseases are one of the problems of a tuberculosis service in the Primorsky Territory. The findings serve as the basis for the development of an approach to preventing occupational diseases and recovering the health status among the medical workers who have experienced tuberculosis.