The extent and nature of television food advertising to children and adolescents in the Russian Federation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency, healthfulness and promotional techniques of television food advertising to children and adolescents in the Russian Federation. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted to monitor food and beverage television advertising. For the five most popular TV channels among children and adolescents, TV broadcasts were recorded for two weekdays and two weekends (320 h) during March-May 2017. Recordings were screened for advertisements. Food advertisements were categorised by food categories and as either 'permitted' or 'not permitted' for advertising to children in accordance with World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model (NPM), and promotional techniques in advertisements were recorded. RESULTS: Overall, 11 678 advertisements were coded. Across all channels, food and drink (19·2 %) were the most frequently advertised product type. The most common food categories advertised were beverages (except juices, milk drinks and energy drinks) (24·1 %); yoghurts and other dairy foods (15 %); and chocolate and confectionery (12·3 %). A majority (64·2 %) of food and drink products advertised should not be permitted for advertising to children according to the NPM. The most frequently used persuasive appeals in the food advertisements were low price (15·4 %), product novelty (11·8 %) and enjoyment (10·0 %). CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents in the Russian Federation are likely exposed to a substantial number of unhealthy food advertisements. There is a need to consider policies to restrict children's exposure to unhealthy food advertising on television in the Russian Federation.

[Empirical dietary patterns in the Russian population and the risk factors of chronic non-infectious diseases (Research ECVD-RF)].

Currently, in the epidemiology of nutrition, methodological approaches to the empirical assessment of the diets of the population and their relationship to health indicators are actively using. In Russia, these approaches have been used in a number of cohort and regional studies, however, such studies are not available for the entire Russian population. Aim. Identification of empirical dietary patterns in the Russian population and analysis of their associations with risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Material and methods. The work was carried out as part of a multicenter epidemiological study "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the regions of the Russian Federation" (ECVD-RF) in 2013-2014. The final sample size was 19 520 people aged 25- 64 years. Arterial hypertension, general and abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, high LDL, and hyperglycemia were observed as risk factors for chronic non-infectious diseases. The data on the frequency of consumption of 13 food groups, which were grouped into 10 groups by combining dairy products into one were collected by interviewing. The identification of dietary patterns and assessment of their sustainability was performed using factor analysis (principal component analysis). In accordance with the individual commitment of the participants to the selected dietary patterns the sample was grouped into quartiles for each of the patterns. In order to ensure associations between patterns commitment and risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was used adjusted for the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Results and discussion. Four stable dietary patterns with a total specific gravity of the explained variance of 55.9% were identified and conventionally designated as "Reasonable" (milk, sweets and confectionery, fresh fruits and vegetables, cereals and pasta), "Salt" (sausages, pickles and pickled products), "Meat" (meat, fish and seafood, poultry meat) and "Mixed" (beans, pickles and pickled products, fish and seafood). The set of products of the "Reasonable" patterns mainly corresponds to the "Healthy" or "Balanced" patterns in foreign studies, the combination of the "Salt" and "Meat" patterns - the "Western Salt". Adherence to a "Reasonable" pattern was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, and to a "Salt" and "Meat" patterns, on the contrary, with an increase. The associations obtained generally correspond to the results of similar foreign studies. A "Mixed" dietary pattern was associated with a few risk factors, which did not allow an unambiguous assessment of the pattern in terms of its impact on health. Conclusion. The study identified empirical dietary patterns of the Russian population and characterized them in terms of associations with the state of health of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases.

[Physiologic features of adaptation in Middle Asia migrants working on Moscow region territory.]

The article presents results of physiologic studies of nine occupational groups of migrants from south republics of Middle Asia to Moscow region of Russian Federation. The authors revealed features of cardiac rhythm regulation variability in the migrants in accordance with physical exertion value and psychoemotional characters of work. Optimization of the adaptation processes should get along with organization of rational work and rest schedule, healthy lifestyle formation, better medical service to the migrants.

[The Prediction Model of Cardiovascular Events Among the Russian Population: Methodological Aspects].

Modeling is the common approach for predicting not only the population health, but also the social and economic burden of disease, which is an important argument while making decisions in health care and prevention. AIM: To develop the model for predicting cardiovascular risk, applicable for the assessment of clinical and socio-economic effects of preventive and therapeutic actions at the level of the whole population or part (region, city, group of patients). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical model for making decision was performed by using a Markov model consisting of Markov states and probabilities of transition from one state to another within a certain time interval. The model included risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking) and probabilities of transition between them. Data was standardized by age for both males and females. Multivariate sensitivity analysis was performed. The literature search conducted using eLIBRARY.RU (http://elibrary.ru) and CyberLeninka (http://cyberleninka.ru). Consultations with experts in the field of coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure were carried out. RESULTS: The model, allowing to compare the outcomes of two scenarios (absence/presence of intervention). The model included risk factors: arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and important CVD: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, atrial fibrillation. There was absorbent state - death. At the output from the model the patient state was defined as the sum of the Markov states characteristics during the model time horizon. Each result had the cost and outcome, which values could be calculated by simulation modeling ("cohort simulation"). The data analysis from prospective study had shown that mortality increases with age, as expected, but in different age groups impact of cardiovascular causes was different and declined with age. In the case of the blood pressure there was the expected increase of the death risk with the growth of pressure levels, both for males and females, except for males 60-64 years old who had a minimal risk of death at the blood pressure 140-149/90-99 mmHg, and among males with normal blood pressure the risk was higher. Smoking was associated with an expected increase of the death risk among all age groups in both sexes. In males, aged 40-64 years, the death risk was higher at the normal levels of cholesterol (2-5 mmol/l), than at the cholesterol levels equal 5-7 mmol/l. There were no data sources to assess probability of occurrence of the risk factors (hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia) in patients who did not have these factors previously in our studies, and available literature. This requires the prospective studies on at least two slices of surveys (not just with the endpoint analysis). Analysis of the literature on search of prospective Russian studies that would evaluate the probability of transition from one state to another, and consultations with experts have identified that currently conducted studies do not provide all the necessary probability of transition on the basis of national data. In the absence of local data for the model is acceptable to use the results of meta-analyzes of international studies. CONCLUSION: Markov model will allow for prediction the effectiveness of different interventions, including their socio-economic consequences. The created model will allow in the future to make changes with the appearance of the results of new studies or new data in order to improve modeling accuracy.

[Epidemiological Situation With Main Risk Factors of Cardio-Vascular Diseases Among Young Adults in Russian Federation].

OBJECTIVE: to assess dynamics of cardiovascular risk factors (RF) among young adults in some regions of Russian Federation on the basis of arterial hypertension monitoring conducted in 2003-2010. Data on blood pressure (BP), weight, height, total cholesterol level as well.

[Association of Atrial Fibrillation With Mortality From Various Causes in Population of Russian Federation].

AIM: to elucidate contribution of atrial fibrillation (AF) to mortality from various causes among men and women in Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed data from samples of population of Moscow and Petersburg (Leningrad) aged 35-74 years examined in different years. Total number of subjects was 20045 (15107 men), response rate was 75%. Examination was carried out according to unified protocol incorporating collection of standard information on social and demographic parameters, smoking status and alcohol consumption, history.

[Forecasting decrease in performance and health disorders under exposure to work intensity factors in accordance with work conditions class].

Results of complex physiologic and ergonomic, clinical and functional studies helped to justify approaches to quantitative evaluation and assessment of posssible decrease in performance and health disorders in workers in accordance with work conditions class of mental work. Linear regression dependence was established between work intensity class and performance decrease. The linear regression equation obtained enables to calculate a percentage of performance decrease in various work intensity classes. Intensive direct correlation was revealed between work intensity value and a percentage of individuals with diagnosed occupationally induced diseases.

[The physiological features of overstrain formation in mental work and its prevention].

Psychophysiological and biochemical studies have shown that significant neuro- emotional loads produce such functional status, which can be called overstrain. It was found out at the first time that the physiological and biochemical characteristics of overstrain based on the main parameters in mental work. The research proved the preventive measures of human body overstrain and can help to prevent the diseases related to work.

[Labor physiology role in workers of different type labor activity workability and health. Progress and prospects].

There are presented the data of workers overstrain and fatigue conditions mechanisms based on physiological, psychological and ergonomic aspects of work processes in different types of activities (mental, visual-strained, physical). 15-year historical analysis, current state and prospects of labor physiology methods development are shown. Complex physiological and ergonomic investigations have allowed developing the measures of work ability raise and diseases prevention for workers various professions. Obtained results provided the basis of development of regulatory documents in area of human organism strain physiological norms, consequences of psycho-emotional stress and overstrain prevention taking into account working conditions class.

[Physiologic and ergonomic aspects of social and hygienic monitoring of workers' performance and health].

The article tackles necessity of physiologic and ergonomic research in system of social and hygienic monitoring of workers' performance and health. A presented scheme covers physiologic and ergonimic aspects: monitoring of work process factors; monitoring of workers' performance and functional state. The authors formulated theoretic orientation of the problem and demonstrated scientific and practical importance of physiologic and ergonomic monitoring.

[Features of overexertion formation due to high psychoemotional strain and shift work].

Physiologic studies proved that considerable psychoemotional load in shift work and longer working shifts lead to the certain functional state called overexertion. The authors are first to set biochemical and physiologic characteristics by main parameters for this state in mental workers. According to the authors, physiologic features of overexertion should be evaluated from the viewpoint of coordinated diurnal rhythms, internal and intersystem communications in central nervous and cardiovascular systems, functional levels.

[Pulse rate and cardiovascular mortality of men and women in Russia. Results of epidemiological studies].

AIM: To assess relationship between pulse rate (PR) and cardiovascular and total mortality in samples of male and female population of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Results of several cross-sectional and cohort studies carried out on different years by Research Center of Preventive Medicine of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation were pooled. Overall 10,109 men and 4,668 women aged > or = 35 years were followed for 18 and 16 years, respectively. RESULTS: Even after adjustment for all registered risk factors subjects with PR exceeding 80 bpm compared with those with PR < 60 bpm had significantly higher risk of both total (relative risks 1.29 and 1.30, 95% confidence intervals 1.17-1.41 and 1.05-1.6, respectively). Survival of men and women with PR > 80 bpm was 7 and 3.2 years less than that of subjects with PR <60 bpm, respectively. Relationship between PR and mortality was strongest at PR > 80/min (lower boundary of the 5th quintile).

[Alcohol consumption and its connection with mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 40-59 years old men (data from 21.5 year prospective study)]. / Potreblenie alkogolia i ego sviaz' so smertnost'iu ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii muzhchin 40-59 let (dannye prospektivnogo nabliudeniia za 21,5 goda).

AIM: To study contribution of alcohol consumption (AC) to mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral stroke (CS), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), overall mortality (OM) in a random population of working males. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results are available of a 21.5 year cohort study of mortality in a random population of 7,815 male citizens of Moscow and St-Petersburg aged 40-59 years. RESULTS: The attributive risk of AC for mortality of CHD, CS, CVD and OM was 16.6, 14.8, 7.7 and 11.9%, respectively. The lowest relative risk to die of CHD, CVD and OM among the cohort studied was observed in males taking alcohol 168.0 ml per week maximum. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to approach differentially to assessment of AC effects on development of many diseases and further investigations are needed to reveal fine mechanisms of action of different alcohol drinks on human organism.

[Prevalence of excessive body mass and its relation to mortality from cardiovascular and main chronic noninfectious diseases among urban male population of geographical different regions in Russia]. / Rasprostranennost' izbytochnoi massy tela i ee sviaz' so smertnost'iu ot serdechno-sosudistykh i drugikh khronicheskikh neinfektsionnykh zabolevanii sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v gorodakh raznykh regionov.

The paper contains data on prevalence of low, normal, excessive body mass and obesity among urban male populations aged 20-54 years in different regions. Relative risk of death associated with body mass was estimated on the basis of a twenty years prospective study of sample populations in Moskva and St-Peterburg and level of attributed risk was used for assessment of contribution of body mass to cardiovascular mortality and mortality from other chronic diseases. Levels of main risk factors, smoking intensity and alcohol consumption were studied in deciles of body mass index distribution.

[The dynamics of ischemic heart disease and the risk factors among the male population of Moscow in the 1985 to 1995 period]. / Dinamika ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i faktorov riska sredi muzhskogo naseleniia Moskvy za period 1985 po 1995.

The trends in prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and risk factors for 1985-1995 have been studied on random representative samples of male population from Moscow. For the decade studied IHD incidence increased, especially in younger males. Changes in IHD risk factors were the following: systolic and diastolic pressures were on the increase. HDLP cholesterol and total cholesterol in the blood lowered, total triglycerides were unchanged, incidence of smoking remained high.

[Significance of risk factors in the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in men living in different climatic-geographic areas of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic states (a cooperative study)]. / Znachenie faktorov riska v rasprostranennosti ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin, prozhivaiushchikh v razlichnykh klimato-geograficheskikh zonakh Rossii, stran SNG i Pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The paper deals with the contribution of risk factors to the spread of coronary heart disease (CHD) among males living in various cities and towns of Russia, CIS countries and Baltic states. The examination of random representative samples of male populations established that risk factors, such as age, arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and smoking (p < 0.05), make a significant contribution to the spread of CHD, including acute CHD. Age, arterial hypertension, and body weight (p < 0.01) also make a substantial contribution to the development of CHD. The risk factors play a greater role in the spread of CHD in Tallinn, Alma-Ata, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk than in Moscow and Ufa, but in the spread of acute CHD in Tallinn, Kaunas, Ufa, and Alma-Ata than in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

[The comparative characteristics of the distribution of the lipid component of the blood and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in men 20-54 years old in the cities of the CIS Nations and Estonia (a cooperative study)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika raspredeleniia lipidnogo sostava krovi i rasprostranennost' giperkholesterinemii u muzhchin 20--54 let v nekotorykh gorodakh SNG i Estonii (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

A comparative study of hypercholesterolemia and lipid distribution in males aged 20-54 randomly selected in one of the districts of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Bishkek has been performed. A comparative interpopulation analysis involved mean values of blood lipid spectrum: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLPC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLPC). TC, TG, LDLPC in blood were higher in European region and Siberia than in Middle Asia populations. These findings correlated with hypercholesterolemia prevalence. An average of 50% of European population studied need preventive treatment for hypercholesterolemia.

[The epidemiology of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their combination among the male population in the cities of different regions of the CIS Nations and Baltic states. A cooperative study]. / Epidemiologiia faktorov riska serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii i ikh kombinatsii sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v gorodakh razlichnykh regionov SNG i pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv. Kooperativnoe issledovanie.

The prevalence of risk factors (RF) to develop cardiovascular disorders alone and in combination has been studied in males aged 20-54 differing by occupation and education. They lived in various cities of CIS and Baltic States. It was established that RF alone and in combination are common among the male population. The risk is the highest in the group of males engaged in hard physical labour (p < 0.05) and in low-education subjects. In subjects with higher education RF are the lowest. RF alone and in combination proved higher in Europeans and Siberians compared to males living in the Central Asia.