Comparison of macular and optic disc vessel density in thyroid orbitopathy: a comparative octa study.

PURPOSE: To determine the microvascular and structural changes in the peripapillary and macular areas observed in patients with active thyroid orbitopathy(TO) before and after steroid treatment and compare with inactive TO and the control group by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). MATERIAL AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 34 eyes of 17 active TO patients, 108 eyes of 54 inactive TO patients, and 60 eyes of 30 healthy controls. Central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness, central choroidal thickness (CCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, choroidal thickness in the peripapillary region, superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and choriocapillaris vessel densities were determined by OCTA in before and after 12-week steroid treatment of active TO cases, inactive TO and control groups. RESULTS: Between the three groups in macula OCTA, a statistically significant difference was observed in the inferior and nasal quadrants in SCP (all p = 0.01) and only in the temporal quadrant choriocapillaris (p = 0.005). In peripapillary OCTA, a statistically significant difference was found only in the central choriocapillaris (p = 0.03). In the comparison of the active group before and after treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in CMT and CCT; a statistically significant increase was observed in GCL-IPL (all p < 0.01). There was a statistically significant decrease in SCP and DCP only in the central (all p < 0.01). There was a statistically significant increase was found in the lower quadrant macular SCP vessel density and mean macular DCP in post-treatment measurements (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Peripapillary SCP and DCP vessel density was increased after treatment (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Active TO group had lower vessel density than inactive group and after treatment, vessel density was increased. Non-invasive quantitative analysis of retinal and optic disc perfusion using OCTA could be useful in early treatment before complications occur and monitoring patients with TO.

Erdheim-Chester disease with chorioretinal and orbital involvement: a case report / Doença de Erdheim-Chester com envolvimento coriorretiniano e orbitário: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 42-year-old woman presented with bilateral proptosis, chemosis, leg pain, and vision loss. Orbital, chorioretinal, and multi-organ involvement of Erdheim-Chester disease, a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis, with a negative BRAF mutation was diagnosed based on clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Interferon-alpha-2a (IFNα-2a) was started, and her clinical condition improved. However, 4 months later, she had vision loss with a history of IFNα-2a cessation. The same therapy was administered, and her clinical condition improved. The Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare chronic histiocytic proliferative disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach and can be fatal if left untreated because of multisystemic involvements.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 42 anos apresentou proptose bi-lateral, quemose, dor nas pernas e perda de visão. Com base em achados clínicos, radiológicos e patológicos, foi diag-nosticada doença de Erdheim-Chester com acometimento orbitário, coriorretiniano e multiorgânico. Trata-se de uma rara histiocitose não Langerhans negativa para a mutação BRAF. Foi iniciado tratamento com interferon alfa-2a (IFNα-2a) e o quadro clínico melhorou. No entanto, quatro meses depois, a paciente apresentou perda visual após a cessação do IFNα-2a. A mesma terapia foi administrada novamente e sua condição clínica melhorou novamente. A doença de Erdheim-Chester é uma doença proliferativa histiocítica crônica rara que necessita de uma abordagem multidisciplinar e pode ser fatal se não tratada, devido a envolvimentos multissistêmicos.

Histopathological View of Benign Essential Blepharospasm: Orbicularis Oculi Hormone Receptor Levels.

Objectives: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi and periocular muscles. We aimed to investigate the effects of muscle receptor levels on the etiopathogenesis of blepharospasm by evaluating the orbicularis oculi estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) levels. Methods: Four blepharospasm patients (2 females and 2 males) who underwent upper lid blepharoplasty and/or orbicularis myomectomy and 4 healthy cases (2 females, 2 males) that had upper lid blepharoplasty were included. The pretarsal, preseptal, and orbital parts of the orbicularis muscles of the patients who underwent orbicularis myomectomy and the waste muscle tissue materials taken from the preseptal orbicularis muscles of the patients who had only upper blepharoplasty were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with estrogen alpha and androgen. Results: In healthy men, the orbicularis oculi muscle was stained with ER at a moderate intensity and with AR at a high intensity. In men with blepharospasm, the orbicularis oculi were not stained with ER at all, but at a high intensity with AR. In healthy women, the orbicularis oculi were stained with ER and AR at a high intensity (>50%). In women with blepharospasm, the staining intensities of both receptors were moderate. Conclusion: We determined a decrease in ER and AR in females and almost the absence of ER in males with BEB. This decrease in ER may be associated with a functional abnormality in mitochondria and the decrease in hormonal receptors may be associated with sarcopenia in orbicularis oculi muscle fibers.

Digital Evaluation of the Changes in Eyelid and Ocular Surface Measurements and the Correlation of These Parameters with Visual Field Parameters After Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the change in eyelid and ocular surface parameters that were measured using a digital measurement program, the change in the visual field (VF), and the correlation between ocular surface area (OSA) and VF parameters in patients who underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty for involutional dermatochalasis. Methods: Patients who underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty for involutional dermatochalasis between August 2015 and August 2019 were included in the study. The difference between preoperative and postoperative 3rd month values of manually measured margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1), digitally measured eyelid and ocular surface parameters (MRD1, MRD 2 [MRD2], upper eyelid crease height [ECH], pretarsal show height [PTH], eyebrow line-height [EBH] and OSA), and VF parameters were evaluated. The correlation between preoperative and postoperative values of manually and digitally measured MRD1 and also preoperative and postoperative values of OSA and VF parameters were analyzed. Results: Thirty-six eyes from 36 patients were included in this study and the mean age of patients was 57.93±7.64 years. There were statistically significant changes between preoperative and postoperative values in means of the manually measured MRD1 and the digitally measured MRD1, PTH, OSA, and ECH (p<0.001). However, the postoperative changes in the mean MRD2 and EBH were not statistically significant (p=0.664 and p=0.983). There were moderate positive correlations between pre- and post-operative OSA values and pre- and postoperative values of manual and digital MRD1. A statistically significant agreement was observed between the change in OSA and the change in all VF parameters (Bland-Altman analysis test). Conclusion: Digital measurements can be used to evaluate the changes in eyelid and ocular surface parameters in patients who underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery. OSA provides fast results in accordance with linear measurements and is compatible with the change in the VF.

Efficacy of fitting HydroCone (Toris K) contact lenses for the visual rehabilitation of patients with posterior microphthalmos / Eficácia da adaptação de lentes de contato HydroCone (Toris K) para reabilitação visual de pacientes com microftalmia posterior

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of soft HydroCone silicone hydrogel contact lenses in patients with posterior microphthalmos. Methods: The charts of 13 patients with posterior microphthalmos (26 eyes) who were fitted with soft HydroCone silicone hydrogel contact lenses were reviewed retrospectively. All the patients underwent assessments of uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction. They were fitted with contact lenses according to the parameter values obtained from the topographical analysis and best contact lens-corrected visual acuity measurement. Results: The spherical equivalents of the right and left eyes ranged from 10.00 to 19.25 diopters and from 11.00 to 21.5 diopters, respectively. The mean axial and posterior chamber lengths were shorter than those of the age-matched population. However, the mean values of the anterior segment parameters such as horizontal visible iris diameter, central anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and central corneal thickness were in the normal range. The mean keratometric measurements revealed increased corneal curvature compared with that in the normal population. The mean best contact lens-corrected visual acuity was significantly higher than the mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuity for both eyes (p=0.045). Conclusion: HydroCone silicon soft contact lenses provided better visual acuity than spectacles in the patients with posterior microphthalmos in this study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia das lentes de contato gelatinosas HydroCone, de hidrogel com silicone, em pacientes com microftalmia posterior. Métodos: Foram revisados retrospectivamente 26 olhos com microftalmia posterior, a partir dos prontuários de 13 pacientes que receberam lentes de contato gelatinosas HydroCone, de hidrogel com silicone. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de acuidade visual não corrigida e com melhor correção por óculos e com refração cicloplégica. Todos os pacientes receberam lentes de contato de acordo com os parâmetros obtidos na análise topográfica e foi obtida a melhor acuidade visual corrigida com lentes de contato. Resultados: O equivalente esférico do olho direito variou de 10,00 a 19,25 dioptrias, e o do olho esquerdo de 11,00 a 21,5 dioptrias. Os comprimentos médios axiais e das câmaras posteriores foram menores do que para a população de mesma idade. No entanto, os valores médios dos parâmetros do segmento anterior, como o diâmetro horizontal visível da íris, a profundidade da câmara anterior central, a espessura da lente e a espessura central da córnea estavam dentro da faixa normal. Os valores médios da ceratometria revelaram curvatura corneana aumentada em relação à população normal. A média da melhor acuidade visual corrigida com lentes de contato foi significativamente maior que a média da melhor acuidade visual corrigida com óculos em ambos os olhos (p=0,045). Conclusão: As lentes de contato gelatinosas de silicone HydroCone proporcionam melhor acuidade visual que óculos em pacientes com microftalmia posterior.

Erdheim-Chester disease with chorioretinal and orbital involvement: a case report.

A 42-year-old woman presented with bilateral proptosis, chemosis, leg pain, and vision loss. Orbital, chorioretinal, and multi-organ involvement of Erdheim-Chester disease, a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis, with a negative BRAF mutation was diagnosed based on clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Interferon-alpha-2a (IFNα-2a) was started, and her clinical condition improved. However, 4 months later, she had vision loss with a history of IFNα-2a cessation. The same therapy was administered, and her clinical condition improved. The Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare chronic histiocytic proliferative disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach and can be fatal if left untreated because of multisystemic involvements.

Assessment of Choroidal Vascularity in Inactive Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the vascular and stromal structure of the choroid in patients with inactive thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) by measuring choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: The choroidal image was taken with EDI mode spectral domain (SD)-OCT. All scans were taken between 9.30 am and 11.30 am to avoid the diurnal variation of CT and CVI. To calculate CVI, macular SD-OCT scans were binarized using the publicly available software ImageJ and luminal area and total choroidal area (TCA) were measured. CVI was calculated as the proportion of LA to TCA. Furthermore, the relation between CVI and axial length, gender, and age was evaluated. Results: This study included 78 individuals with a mean age of 51.4±7.3 years. Group 1 consisted of 44 patients with inactive stage TAO, and Group 2 consisted of 34 healthy controls. Subfoveal CT was 338.92±73.93 µm in Group 1 and 303.97±40.35 µm in Group 2 (p=0.174). The CVI significantly differed between the two groups, which was higher in group 1 (p=0.000). Conclusion: Although CT was not different between groups, CVI which is the indicator of the vascular status of the choroid, was higher in patients with TAO in the inactive stage compared with healthy control subjects.

Efficacy of fitting HydroCone (Toris K) contact lenses for the visual rehabilitation of patients with posterior microphthalmos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of soft HydroCone silicone hydrogel contact lenses in patients with posterior microphthalmos. METHODS: The charts of 13 patients with posterior microphthalmos (26 eyes) who were fitted with soft HydroCone silicone hydrogel contact lenses were reviewed retrospectively. All the patients underwent assessments of uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction. They were fitted with contact lenses according to the parameter values obtained from the topographical analysis and best contact lens-corrected visual acuity measurement. RESULTS: The spherical equivalents of the right and left eyes ranged from 10.00 to 19.25 diopters and from 11.00 to 21.5 diopters, respectively. The mean axial and posterior chamber lengths were shorter than those of the age-matched population. However, the mean values of the anterior segment parameters such as horizontal visible iris diameter, central anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and central corneal thickness were in the normal range. The mean keratometric measurements revealed increased corneal curvature compared with that in the normal population. The mean best contact lens-corrected visual acuity was significantly higher than the mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuity for both eyes (p=0.045). CONCLUSION: HydroCone silicon soft contact lenses provided better visual acuity than spectacles in the patients with posterior microphthalmos in this study.

Efficacy of keratometric values obtained from Sirius topographer® in nidek axial length-scan® for intraocular lens calculation after penetrating keratoplasty.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the accuracy of keratometric values obtained from Scheimpflug (Sirius) topography using Nidek AL-Scan optical biometry (OB) for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculating after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: Thirty eyes of 26 patients were included in this study. The demographic information, complete ophthalmic examination, IOL calculation technique, and its effect on final refractive results were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 52.76 ± 16.20 years. The mean K readings using Nidek AL-Scan OB, mean simulated K (SimK) (3mm), and mean pupillary power (MPP) (4.5mm) K readings using Sirius were 41.92 ± 5.05 D, 42.99 ± 5.78 D, and 43.30±6.23 D (p= 0.515). CONCLUSIONS: Both devices correctly calculated IOL power after PK; however, Sirius SimK (3mm) gave the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) results and can be safely used for IOL power calculation.

The Effect of Lower Eyelid Malposition Repair on Palpebral Fissure Size Changes.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of changes in the horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure dimensions on surgical success performed due to entropion and ectropion of the lower eyelid. Methods: The present research was conducted as a retrospective and interventional case series who had undergone involutional lower eyelid malposition repair with a lateral tarsal strip (LTS) alone, LTS with a medial spindle, and LTS with the advancement of the lower eyelid retractors. The subjects' medical records, including demographic and clinic characteristics, pre-operative assessment of horizontal eyelid laxity, and surgical outcomes, were reviewed. The distance between the pupillary light reflex and the lower-eyelid margin marginal reflex distance 2 (MRD-2) and the horizontal palpebral aperture (HPA) width were measured using the Image J program in the pre-operative and post-operative 6-month follow-up. The correlation between surgical success, changes in pre-operative and post-operative MRD-2, and HPA width was assessed by the Spearman rank correlation test. Results: A total of 66 eyelids of 48 patients were included in the study. This cohort comprised of 41 males (86.4%) and 7 females (13.6%), 18 of whom underwent bilateral surgery. The pre-operative mean MRD-2 was 7.13 ± 1.98 mm, and the post-operative 6-month mean MRD-2 was 6.21±1.19 mm (p<0.01). The mean post-operative HPA width was statistically significantly higher in comparison with the mean pre-operative HPA width (27.35±2.41, 26.89±2.39, p=0.02, respectively). There was no correlation between success rate and changes in horizontal and vertical palpebral fissure dimensions. Conclusion: LTS surgery is a method that turns the shortened HPA width to normal and enables the successful correction of the lower eyelid malpositions.

A Comparison of Transcanalicular, Endonasal, and External Dacryocystorhinostomy in Functional Epiphora: A Minimum Two-Year Follow-Up Study.

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of transcanalicular diode laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy (TCL-DCR), nonendoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (NEN-DCR), and external dacryocystorhinostomy (EXT-DCR) as first-line treatments for functional epiphora. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective, case-control study included 135 eyes of 135 patients with functional epiphora (86 females and 49 males). Functional epiphora was diagnosed based on a patent lacrimal system with a delay in the fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) or dacryoscintigraphy (DSG) and no ocular surface or eyelid abnormalities. The patients were treated with TCL-DCR (2008-2011) or Ext-DCR (2005-2008, 2011-2017) at Beyoglu Eye Research Hospital (Istanbul, Turkey) and NEN-DCR at Carrot Eye Surgery Clinic affiliated with the McMaster University (Hamilton, ON, Canada) (2010-2016). Success was defined as the absence of epiphora and the normalization of an earlier delayed FDDT after surgery. Results: The TCL-DCR, NEN-DCR, and EXT-DCR groups consisted of 38, 47, and 50 eyes with 25.9, 44.2, and 45.9 months of follow-up. The success rate for TCL-DCR was 65.8%, 70.2% for NEN-DCR, and 84.0% for EXT-DCR. During the follow-up period, 13.2% of TCL-DCR cases and 6.4% of NEN-DCR cases developed an anatomic obstruction of the lacrimal system. Conclusion: The EXT-DCR group had a higher success rate in the management of functional epiphora than the NEN-DCR and TCL-DCR groups and was significantly safer in terms of an iatrogenic anatomic block of the lacrimal system.

Effect of capsular tension ring on refractive results in cases with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of capsular tension rings (CTRs) on postoperative refractive results in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with PSX syndrome who had uncomplicated cataract surgery between March 2016 and February 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups. The 35 patients in Group 1 received CTRs prior to intraocular lens implantation during cataract surgery, and the 34 patients in Group 2 had cataract surgery without CTRs. Significant zonular weakness, uncontrolled glaucoma, and ocular pathologies causing low visual acuity were excluded. The preoperative and postoperative keratometry and autorefraction measurements, preoperative expected refractive values, and absolute refractive error were recorded. RESULTS: The mean ages of patients were 73.54 ± 9.78 years in Group 1 and 72.23 ± 6.72 years in Group 2 (p = 0.521). There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of expected preoperative refraction values (-0.52 ± 0.12,-0.56 ± 0.08, respectively, p = 0.118). There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative spherical equivalent values between Group 1 and Group 2 (-0.05 ± 0.97 and -0.92 ± 0.57, respectively, p < 0.01). A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of absolute refractive error (0.46 ± 0.74 in Group 1 and -0.34 ± 0.59 in Group 2 p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: CTR implantation causes hyperopic shift, which should be taken into consideration when calculating the lens power of intraocular lens in patients with PSX syndrome.

Muller muscle conjunctival resection or external levator advancement; a quantitative comparison of symmetry in unilateral ptosis.

PURPOSE: To compare muller muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) and external levator advancement (ELA) in terms of objective and subjective symmetry in unilateral ptosis. METHODS: The patients who underwent unilateral MMCR (group1, n = 25) and ELA (group2, n = 25) were reviewed retrospectively. With the written algorithm, margin reflex distance-1 (MRD1), localization of the contour peak, and the percentage of overlapping curvatures (POC) of both upper eyelid curves were calculated. Semi-automated measurements were compared with the manual measurements. The correlation between objective and subjective symmetry was evaluated. RESULTS: Preoperative levator functions were similar in both groups (13.93 ± 3.25 mm and 13.3 ± 2.86 mm, respectively). We found strong correlations between manual and semi-automated measurements (ICC: 0.942, 95% CI = 0.924-0.956, p < 0.001). Preoperative MRD1 (2.15 ± 0.90 vs 1.51 ± 1.01, p = 0.022) and POC was lower in group 2 (66% vs 47.2%, p = 0.01). In the postoperative period, the increase in MRD1 and POC were similar in both groups (p = 0.2 and p = 0.7 respectively), and the contour peak displaced temporally (p < 0.01) providing a symmetric peak in both groups. Subjective symmetry increased as the difference in MRD1 between two eyes decreased (r = -0.456, p = 0.001), and POC increased (r = 0.396, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Besides subjective symmetry, MMCR and ELA are equally effective in ensuring symmetry objectively, as measured with MRD1 and contour peak symmetry and POC in unilateral ptosis. POC may be used as a criterion of symmetry in the evaluation of ptosis.

Comparing the outcome of Muller's muscle conjunctival resection for mild/moderate versus severe involutional aponeurotic ptosis.

AIMS: To compare predictability of the outcomes of Muller's muscle conjunctiva resection (MMCR) in patients with severe versus mild/moderate involutional aponeurotic ptosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study. All cases were recruited into the groups in terms of preoperative marginal reflex distance of upper eyelid (MRD-1). Group 1 consisted of patients with mild to moderate blepharoptosis was defined as an MRD-1 equal to 1.1 to 3 mm and Group 2 consisted of patients with severe blepharoptosis defined as MRD-1 ⩽ 1 mm. All patients underwent MMCR based on the response to phenylephrine and the amount of ptosis. MRD-1 obtained both manually and with ImageJ analysis program preoperatively and on the postoperative sixth month was compared. Successful surgical outcome criteria were defined as MRD-1 ⩾ 2.5 mm and inter-eyelid symmetry ⩽ 1 mm. RESULTS: A total of 97 eyes of 83 participants met the inclusion criteria for this study (Group 1 n = 50, Group 2 n = 47). In terms of MRD-1 success rates were 88% in Group 1, and 70.2% in Group 2 (p = 0.03). Preoperative MRD-1 which was measured by ImageJ, and the amount of resected tissue in mm were the predictive data of surgical outcome by the logistic regression analysis (OR 6.45, 95% CI 1.82-22.78, p = 0.004, OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.05-5.80, p = 0.037, respectively). CONCLUSION: The surgical success of MMCR can be predicted via tissue resection length and preoperative MRD-1. Higher surgical success rates were obtained in cases with mild-moderate ptosis and clinically acceptable success rates were obtained in cases with severe ptosis.

An algorithm for Botulinum toxin A injection for upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease: long-term results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of transconjunctival Botulinum toxin A injections performed according to an algorithm, for the management of upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. METHODS: Seventy one eyes of 60 patients at the inactive stage, who had undergone Botulinum toxin A injection were reviewed retrospectively. Botulinum toxin A was injected transconjunctivally, just above the superior tarsal border of the upper eyelid in doses between 2-15 units according to an algorithm, depending on the amount of retraction. Margin-reflex distances were measured according to the photographs taken under standard conditions before and after the injections at the tenth day, then the second month and the fourth month. Additional Botulinum toxin A injections were performed in patients who had an undercorrection on the tenth day. Complications such as diplopia and ptosis were recorded. RESULTS: The study included 38 females, 22 males with a mean age of 43.3 ± 13.1. Normal margin-reflex distances (3-4 mm) were reached in the 58 of 71 eyes (81.7%). Additional injections were needed in eight eyes (11.2%) for residual retraction on the tenth day. Ptosis was the major complication in four eyes for 1-3 weeks after injection. Upper eyelid retraction recurred after 5.1 ± 0.9 months in all patients. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of upper eyelid retraction due to thyroid eye disease, transconjunctival injection of Botulinum toxin A is an effective, safe, transient, and repeatable method with few complications in patients. The algorithm used in this study resulted in high success rate in long-term follow-up.

2D Analysis of Gold Weight Implantation Surgery Results in Paralytic Lagophthalmos.

OBJECTIVES: Gold weight implantation in the upper eyelid is a frequently performed treatment for paralytic lagophthalmos to prevent corneal exposure. A margin reflex distance of -1 and -2 (MRD1, MRD2), the palpebral fissure height (PFH), and the vertical lagophthalmos (LV) are 1-dimensional (1D) measurements used in follow-up. Because the exposure area is 2-dimensional (2D), this study was designed to investigate the results using both 1D and 2D analysis. METHODS: Ten patients who underwent pretarsal suborbicularis oculi gold weight implantation were included in the study. Photographs were taken with a digital camera and the images were analyzed using ImageJ software (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The lagophthalmos area (LA) and ocular surface area (OSA) were measured in 2D in addition to the MRD1, MRD2, PFH, LV. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Associations between parameters were evaluated using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients (7 male, 3 female) was 39.6±16.4 years (range: 14-60 years). The mean implant weight was 1.46 g (0.8-1.6 g). There were significant reductions in the MRD1, MRD2, PFH, OSA, LV, and LA values after surgery (p<0.05). The weight of the gold implant had a strong correlation with the PFH, OSA, MRD1, and MRD2, but not the LV or LA, preoperatively. The OSA was strongly correlated with the MRD1, PFH, and the implant weight, but not the MRD2. The LA was strongly correlated with the LV, preoperatively. In the postoperative period, the OSA was strongly correlated with the PFH and the MRD2 but not the MRD1, while the LA was strongly correlated with the LV, MRD1, and the PFH. CONCLUSION: It is easy to obtain 2D measurements using digital image analysis software, and they proved to be accurate and correlated strongly with 1D measurements. The OSA and LA measurements were significantly lower following upper eyelid gold weight implantation. The PFH and LV were compatible with the OSA and LA, preoperatively.

The efficacy of low vision aids with contact lenses in pediatric population.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of contact lens use with low vision aids (LVA) with the efficacy of spectacle use with low vision aids. METHODS: Thirty-six pediatric patients with low vision were enrolled in this study between January 2015 and March 2017. The patients were examined for best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with spectacles, spectacles with LVA, contact lenses and contact lenses with LVA. Toleration of the patients with contact lenses and LVA were recorded at the final follow-up exam. RESULTS: The mean BCVA with spectacles was detected as 1.11 ± 0.25 log MAR and the mean BCVA improved to 0.35 ± 0.13 log MAR with the use of spectacles and LVA, which was statistically significant. The mean BCVA with contact lens, which was 0.99 ± 0.22 log MAR, improved to 0.40 ± 0.21 log MAR with contact lens and LVA, which was also significant. There was a statistically significant improvement in BCVA of the patients with contact lenses only when compared to spectacles only. The mean BCVA significantly improved in patients using LVA with contact lenses when compared to LVA with spectacles. Tolerations of the patients with contact lenses and LVA were found to be well at 29 of 36 (80.55%) at final follow-up (26.11 ± 6.85 months). CONCLUSION: Contact lens use in pediatric patients with low vision especially with LVA offers better visual acuity, a decrease in nystagmus amplitude, wider field of view and comfort.

Evaluation of choroidal thickness and retinal vessel density in patients with inactive Graves' orbitopathy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate choroidal thickness using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography and retinal vessel density with optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with inactive Graves' orbitopathy. METHODS: A total of 36 eyes of 36 patients with inactive Graves' orbitopathy (6 men and 30 women in Group 1) and 36 eyes from 36 controls (8 men and 28 women in Group 2) were recruited for this prospective case-control study. Choroidal thickness measurements were obtained using enhanced depth imaging with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. Optical coherence tomography angiography images were generated with 6 × 6-mm angiographic optical coherence tomography scans. Retinal vessel densities of the superficial retinal layer and deep retinal layer of the macula and foveal avascular zone measurements were obtained for each eye. RESULTS: The mean age was 42.5 ± 9.9 years in Group 1 and 42.8 ± 6.5 years in Group 2 (p = 0.76). The mean choroidal thickness was 370.7 ± 83.5 µm and 338.2 ± 72.4 µm in Group 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.09). There was no significant difference between the groups in retinal vessel density either in superficial or deep retinal layers (p > 0.05 for all), and no difference was found between the groups in foveal avascular zone area and perimeter (p = 0.69, p = 0.73, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Similar retinal vessel density values were found in both superficial and deep retinal layers in Graves' orbitopathy compared with healthy subjects. Although statistically insignificant, choroidal thickness was slightly higher in patients with Graves' orbitopathy than in healthy subjects. Foveal avascular zone area and perimeter measurements were unaffected by the disease.

Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in benign essential blepharospasm.

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxy (OH)-vitamin D levels in patients with benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and healthy subjects and to determine their association with disease severity and frequency. METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Fifty patients (female, 39; male, 11) with BEB and 22 healthy subjects (female, 15; male, 7) included in the study. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels of BEB and healthy groups were measured. Blepharospasm severity and frequency were assessed using scales ranging from 0 to 4 by following the Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS). RESULTS: Though there was no significant difference regarding magnesium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)-vitamin D levels between the two groups, serum calcium levels of the BEB group were significantly lower than the control group (9.5 ± 0.4 and 9.9 ± 0.4 mg/dl, respectively; P = 0.002), although in the normal range (9-10.5 mg/dl). In the BEB group, the mean Jankovic severity and frequency scores were 3.29 ± 0.54 and 3.59 ± 0.61, respectively. There was a moderate negative correlation between serum 25(OH)-vitamin D levels and Jankovic severity score (r = - 0.332; P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Serum calcium levels of the BEB group were significantly lower than the healthy group. Serum vitamin D levels showed a moderate negative correlation with disease severity. The role of calcium and vitamin D in the evolution of the BEB need further investigation at the cellular and anatomical levels.