The Turkish version of the problem areas in diabetes-parents of teens (P-PAID-T): Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the Turkish validity and reliability of the Problem Areas in Diabetes- Parents of Teens (P-PAID-T) scale and its psychometric properties for determining the parents' diabetes-related distress. METHODS: The study included the parents of 200 adolescents with T1DM for at least a year. P-PAID-T and a demographic data form were used for data collection. Davis technique was used for the content validity of the scale. The scale's reliability was tested using test-retest, and its internal reliability was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha test. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the fit of the scale. RESULTS: 69.5% (n = 139) of the participants were mothers. Compared to the fathers, the mothers' mean P-PAID-T score was significantly higher. Parents of sons, who used insulin injections for their children, and had a college degree or higher education level had higher P-PAID-T scores. The test-retest correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.977. The Cronbach α value of the scale was 0.901. The results of confirmatory factor analysis were x2/df = 2.931, GFI = 0.736, CFI = 0.711, NFI = 0.628, NNFI = 0.660, RMSEA = 0.141. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of P-PAID-T was a valid and reliable screening tool for measuring diabetes stress in parents of adolescents with T1DM. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses could use the Turkish version of P-PAID-T to monitor parental diabetes distress and organize interventions; also Turkish P-PAID-T could facilitate research on diabetes distress for parents of adolescents with T1DM.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale (PDDS). Methods: The PDDS is a 5-point Likert-type scale with 20 items. After obtaining permission from the scale developers, the study commenced. First, a systematic adaptation of the scale into the Turkish language was performed including translation, expert panel review, back translation, and pilot study. Test-retest was applied to 35 participants. After these procedures, data collection was undertaken using the adapted PDDS and a demographic data collection form. The collected data were analyzed for reliability, including stability of the scale with test-retest and internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach's α), and validity including construct validity of the scale with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The parents of 210 teenagers, aged >11 and <18 years, who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least one year were included. Of these parents, 71.9% (n=151) were mothers and 53.3% (n=112) of the children were girls. The Cronbach's α value was 0.906. The results of the CFA were χ2/df=4.406, p<0.001, comparative fit test 0.704, and goodness of fit tests 0.749. The mean total PDDS score was 2.2±0.7. These results indicate that scores of 1.6 points or less was evaluated as "little or no distress" 1.7-2.4 as "moderate distress," and >2.4 points as "high distress". This showed that the majority of the parents in the study experienced moderate or severe diabetes-related distress. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the PDDS fulfilled the validity and reliability tests at an acceptable level.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Women who have or have not had human papillomavirus vaccine in Turkey about the Virus and the vaccine.

The awareness of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world, and the frequency of vaccination vary across countries. In Turkey, the rate of HPV vaccination is quite low even amongin women, and there is not much data on the frequency of vaccination among men. This study aimedto investigate the difference in knowledge and attitude between Turkish women who had HPV vaccination and those who did not. Women between 18 and 65 living in a province in the central region of Turkey were included. Participants (n = 856) were selected by snowball sampling and with an online questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS programme. Descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test, T-test for independent samples and one-way ANOVA was used. 67.3% of the participants had heard of HPV and 55.4% had heard of the HPV vaccine. The HPV vaccination rate was 3.6%. The most important source of information for those who reported getting vaccinated on HPV was their family physician. Additionally, the HPV Knowledge Scale total scores of those who received information from family physicians and gynecologists were higher than the others. The most frequent reasons they cited for not getting vaccinated were a lack of information and not having the vaccine covered by social security. It is important to include it in the national vaccination scheme in order to increase the HPV vaccination rate in low-income countries such as Turkey. Also, these findings show the prominence of family physicians in public education.