The relationship of the lingual nerve to the third molar region using radiographic imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Lingual nerve damage is a common complication during oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures to the third molar region. The anatomy of the lingual nerve is variable, therefore the precise knowledge of anatomy of this nerve is important for decreasing the damage risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the position and the shape of the lingual nerve in the third molar region using radiographic imaging. SETTING: The Anatomy Department of Cologne University in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, an anatomic dissection of the lingual nerve in the third molar region was done on 10 whole heads and one sagittal hemisection head specimen of adult cadavers. After marking the nerve, x-ray films were taken. Vertical and horizontal measurements were made from the radiographs with an electronic digital caliper. RESULTS: The mean vertical and horizontal distances of the nerve to the lingual crista and lingual plate of the mandible were found to be 9.5 +/- 5.2 mm and 4.1 +/- 1.9 mm respectively. Additionally, of the 21 lingual nerves examined, 17 (81%) were round and 4 (19%) were flat. CONCLUSIONS: The results reflect the relationship of the nerve to this area and may help the clinician to avoid the damage risk.

Persistent left superior vena cava: the anatomical and surgical importance.

OBJECTIVE: Persistence of the left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a congenital anomaly resulting from failure of degeneration of the left cardinal vein. The prevalence of this anatomical variant is approximately 0.3% in the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the persistence of the left superior vena cava in order to avoid potential complications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during a five-year period in 152 patients (64 males, 88 females) aged 1-65 years who underwent cardiac surgery for congenital heart diseases. RESULTS: The persistence of the left superior vena cava was found in 5 of 152 patients (3.3%). All persistent left superior vena cavae opened into the coronary sinus. Furthermore, the coronary sinus was enlarged in all patients. The right superior vena cava was absent in one of the five cases (20%) in this study. CONCLUSION: This anatomical variant must be recognized to avoid the potential complications.

Persistent left superior vena cava: the anatomical and surgical importance / Vena cava superior izquierda persistente Importancia anatómica y quirúrgica

OBJECTIVE: Persistence of the left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a congenital anomaly resulting from failure of degeneration of the left cardinal vein. The prevalence of this anatomical variant is approximately 0.3in the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the persistence of the left superior vena cava in order to avoid potential complications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during a five-year period in 152 patients (64 males, 88 females) aged 1-65 years who underwent cardiac surgery for congenital heart diseases. RESULTS: The persistence of the left superior vena cava was found in 5 of 152 patients (3.3). All persistent left superior vena cavae opened into the coronary sinus. Furthermore, the coronary sinus was enlarged in all patients. The right superior vena cava was absent in one of the five cases (20) in this study. CONCLUSION: This anatomical variant must be recognized to avoid the potential complications.

Objetivo: La persistencia de la vena cava superior (PVCSI) es una anomalía congénita que se presenta como resultado de un fallo degenerativo en la vena cardinal izquierda. La prevalencia de esta variante anatómica es aproximadamente 0.3% en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de la persistencia de de la vena cava superior izquierda a fin de evitar complicaciones potenciales. Sujetos y métodos: El estudio fue realizado durante un periodo de cinco años en 152 pacientes (64 varones, 88 hembras) de 1 65 años, que fueran sometidos a cirugía cardíaca debido a enfermedades cardiacas congénitas. . Resultados: Se halló persistencia de la vena cava superior izquierda en 5 de 152 pacientes (3.3%). Todas las venas cavas superiores izquierdas desembocan en el seno coronario. Además, el seno coronario de todos los pacientes presentaba un ensanchamiento. No habia vena cava superior en uno de los cinco casos (20%) de este estudio. Conclusión: Esta variante anatómica tiene que ser reconocida a fin de evitar potenciales complicaciones.

Vertical and horizontal neoclassical facial canons in Turkish young adults.

Four vertical and three horizontal measurements were taken to assess the validity of neoclassical facial canons in 500 (272 female, 228 male) healthy, young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years from Turkey and to compare them with a different population. The measurements were made by a millimetric compass. The special head height was longer than the special face height in the majority of our group (women/men: 97.8%/91.7%). The three-section facial profile canon was equal in only one male subject (women/men: 0/0.4%). Faces with four equal profile sections were not seen in either of the sexes. The nose length was longer than the ear length in the minority of our population (women/men: 1.5%/1.3%). The intercanthal distance was shorter than the nose width and left eye fissure length in the majority of our subjects (women/men: 50.4%/78.9% and 50.0%/52.2% respectively). The mouth width was greater than 1.5 times the nose width in the majority of this study (women/men: 66.9% vs 49.1%).

Measurements of soft tissue orbits in Turkish young adults.

The present study was undertaken to determine the normal values of the intercanthal distance, biocular distance, interpupillary distance and palpebral fissure length and height for the Turkish population. These measurements were taken from 500 (272 females, 228 males) healthy young adults aged 18-25 years. The measurements were made with a millimetric compass. The mean values of intercanthal distance, biocular distance, interpupillary distance, right palpebral fissure length and palpebral fissure height were 30.7+/-3.0 mm, 95.9+/-6.0 mm, 63.9+/-3.6 mm, 32.6+/-2.4 mm and 10.3+/-1.6 mm respectively in males. In females the equivalent values were 30.0+/-2.6 mm, 92.0+/-5.4 mm, 60.8+/-3.2 mm, 31.0+/-2.4 mm and 10.4+/-1.5 mm respectively.

Morphometric measurements from various reference points in the orbit of male Caucasians.

The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9+/-3.3 mm, 35.6+/-2.3 mm, 41.7+/-3.1 mm and 6.9+/-1.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. On the same wall, distances from the plane of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina to the ethmoido-maxillary suture and distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the anterior ethmoidal foramen and midpoint of the medial margin of the optic canal were 14.9+/-2.3 mm, 9.8+/-2.9 mm and 6.8+/-2.2 mm respectively. On the inferior orbital wall, the main reference point was the infraorbital foramen, and from this point to the midpoints of the lateral margin of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, inferior orbital fissure, inferior orbital rim and inferior aspect of the optic canal was 23.8+/-7.2 mm, 31.9+/-3.9 mm, 6.7+/-1.9 mm and 50.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. On the superior orbital wall, the distances from the supraorbital foramen to the midpoints of the superior orbital fissure, fossa for the lacrimal gland and superior aspect of the optic canal were 45.7+/-3.6 mm, 26.0+/-2.5 mm and 45.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6+/-2.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5+/-2.1 mm, 37.7+/-3.6 mm, 44.9+/-2.5 mm and 33.4+/-3.1 mm respectively.

Manifestation of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary bypass surgery.

A few cases of onset of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary by-pass surgery were first reported by Baddour and Bisno in 1982. We reviewed the dinical characteristics of 31 subjects followed up in our department following onset of manifestations of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary by-pass surgery. In all the subjects the cellulitis originated at the scar of the saphenous venectomy, and most presented ill-defined, mildly erythematous, slightly oedematous lesions. Mycologically confirmed tinea pedis was found in 25 subjects. All the patients responded well to penicillins or cephalosporins. In this report we comment on the pathogenesis of this complication of saphenous venectomy based on the clinical features of the cases reviewed. We suggest that saphenous venectomy may destroy the lymphatics in the lower leg, that are located adjacent to the great saphenous vein, and thus microorganisms penetrating into the skin may easily cause cellulitis in areas with impaired lymphatic drainage.

Nutritive value of the meat and bone meals from cattle or pigs in broiler diets.

The nutritive value of meat and bone meals (MBM) was assessed for broilers. The MBM was produced according to the revised (pressure) processing system ordered by the European Union (EC 96/449). Three batches of MBM from cattle (MBMcattle) and three from pigs (MBMpig) with different ash contents (224, 306, 387, and 209,293, 430 g/kg, respectively) were tested for digestibility at a 10% inclusion level. The MBMcattle and MBMpig with the lowest ash (224 and 209 g/kg, respectively) were tested also at 20% inclusion. A basal diet (corn-soybean meal) was used as a control. Two-week-old broiler chickens were used in four replicates per treatment (14 to 32 d of age). The AMEn of MBM was high (10.51 to 13.04 MJ/kg DM). Species origin had no significant effect, whereas more ash and a higher inclusion level decreased the AMEn. The factors investigated showed no significant effect on the excretal digestibility of CP or on total AA. Excretal digestibility of total amino acids (AA) ranged from 60 to 65%. The ileal digestibility of CP and AA of MBMpig with 209 g/kg ash was also tested at 10 and 20% inclusion. Excretal digestibility was significantly higher than ileal digestibility of CP (63.8 and 55.8%, respectively) and total AA (60.9 and 56.2%, respectively). The 20% inclusion level resulted in a lower digestibility for both methods. The digestibility of CP was measured by four different in vitro techniques, based on pepsin digestibility. The data showed a large variation and did not correlate at all with the in vivo digestibility values.