ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: MIF, a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes to the pathogenesis of acute, chronic, and autoimmune inflammatory disorders and balances the suppressive effect of glucocorticoids on the immune system. There is an interaction between bone metabolism and the immune system via the production of cytokines. We aimed to analyze the relationship between the MIF gene -173G > C promoter polymorphism and osteoporosis. METHODS: In this case-control study performed in a university hospital, 286 samples (136 women with osteoporosis and 150 healthy age-matched controls) participated. The polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was used to genotype the MIF gene polymorphism. The alleles and genotypes frequencies of patients and controls were compared using the χ2 test. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of MIF gene -173G > C polymorphism showed statistically significant differences between patients and controls (p = 0.038). Also, the subjects carrying the variant C allele in the MIF -173 position were at significantly higher risk of osteoporosis than subjects carrying the wild-type G allele (p = 0.009, odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.6). CONCLUSION: Our study suggested a strong association between MIF gene -173G > C polymorphism and osteoporosis in a Turkish population.
Subject(s)
Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics , Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/genetics , Middle Aged , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Postmenopause , TurkeyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between osteoporosis and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in a Turkish population. METHODS: The study group consisted of 238 unrelated women with osteoporosis and 124 unrelated healthy female controls. All participants, patients and healthy controls, were of Turkish origin from the central region of Turkey. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole venous blood samples using a commercial DNA isolation kit. The ACE gene I/D polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Frequencies of the DD, ID and II genotypes in the patients were 44.5, 41.2 and 14.3 %, and in the controls they were 25.0, 51.6 and 23.4 %, respectively. A significant difference was observed between patients and controls according to genotype frequency (p=0.001). D and I allele frequencies of the I/D polymorphism were 65.1 and 34.9 % in the patient group and 50.8 and 49.2 % in the control group, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The ACE gene I/D polymorphism could be a genetic factor associated with osteoporosis.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , INDEL Mutation/genetics , Osteoporosis/epidemiology , Osteoporosis/genetics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Female , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Markers/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Turkey/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The tautomerization mechanism the isolated and monohydrated forms of two Schiff bases 1 and 2, and the effect of solvation on the proton transfer from enol-imine form to the keto-enamine form have been investigated using the B3LYP hybrid density functional method at the 6-31G** basis set level. The barrier heights for H(2)O-assisted reactions are significantly lower than that of unassisted tautomerization reaction in the gas phase. Nonspecific solvent effects have also been taken into account by using the continuum model (IPCM) of four different solvent. The tautomerization energies and the potential energy barriers are decreased by increasing solvent polarity.
