[Effect of immune modulation on immunogenic and protective activity of a live plague vaccine].

AIM: Comparative evaluation of the effect of polyoxidonium and betaleukin on immunogenic and protective activity of a live plague vaccine in model animal experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plague vaccine EV, polyoxidonium, betaleukin, erythrocytic antigenic diagnosticum for determination of F1 antibodies and immune reagents for detection of lymphocytes with F1 receptors (LFR) in adhesive test developed by the authors were used. The experiments were carried out in 12 rabbits and 169 guinea pigs. RESULTS: Immune modulation accelerated the appearance and disappearance of LFR (early phase) and ensured a more rapid and intensive antibody formation (effector phase). Activation by betaleukin is more pronounced than by polyoxidonium. The more rapid and intensive was the development of early phase, the more effective was antibody response to the vaccine. Immune modulation in the experiment with guinea pigs significantly increased protective activity of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: The use of immune modulators increased immunogenic (in both early and effector phases of antigen-specific response) and protective activity of the EV vaccine. A connection between the acceleration of the first phase of antigen-specific response and general intensity of effector phase of immune response to the EV vaccine was detected. ,

[Antigen-binding lymphocytes of tuberculin specificity in M. bovis-infected rabbits in the dynamics of treatment for tuberculosis].

In M. bovis-infected rabbits, antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) of tuberculin specificity were detected within 7-105 days after inoculation. Due to etiotropic chemotherapy, ABL disappeared 31-45 days following inoculation. At the trial's end, the seeding rate and morphological changes in the organs of M. bovis-infected correlated with the content of ABL 105 days after inoculation. The early disappearance of ABL in the rats is regarded as an index of the efficiency of treatment for tuberculosis.

[The diagnostic specificity of the antigen-binding lymphocyte test in Neisseria-induced infections].

Neisseria-induce different infections, but many representatives of this genus are saprophytes. In this connection it is important to evaluate the species, and for N. meningitidis also group specificity of the immunological diagnostics of meningococcal infection and gonorrhea. In this work the specificity of the antigen-binding lymphocyte test was studied in experiments with the immunization of rabbits and the examination of patients. In the tests of indirect rosette-formation and its inhibition the role of antigenic relationships between different pathogenic and nonpathogenic Neisseria was excluded and the species and group specificity of our Neisseria immunoreagents, used in the diagnostics of meningococcal infection and gonorrhea, was proved.

[Development of immunoreagents for the diagnostics of intestinal yersiniosis by antigen-binding lymphocytes]. / Razrabotka immunoreagentov dlia diagnostiki kishechnogo iersinioza po antigensviazyvaiushchim limfotsitam.

To diagnose intestinal yersiniosis, the detection of antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) with respect to Y. enterocolitica O3, O5 and O9 is proposed. Experiments on the immunization of rabbits with Y. enterocolitica LPS of these serovars revealed that immunoreagents, according to the data of cross antigen-dependent rosette formation and its inhibition, had species specificity (ABL of rabbits immunized with Y. enterocolitica did not interact with Salmonella, Shigella and Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens) and serovar specificity. Cross reactions in the detection of ABL by means of specific Y. enterocolitica O9 and Brucella melitensis immunoreagents in rabbits immunized with Y. enterocolitica were absent during the first days and could be detected only of day 25 after the injection of the immunogen. The method for the detection of ABL with the use of newly developed reagents could be used in clinics for the diagnostics of intestinal yersiniosis.

[Detection of lymphocytes binding erythrocytes conjugated with Salmonella antigens]. / Opredelenie limfotsitov, sviazyvaiushchikh éritrotsity, kon"iugirovannye s antigenami sal'monell.

Immune reagents for the detection of specific antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) with respect to different Salmonells antigens were developed. Rabbits were immunized with killed S. typhi and other salmonellae containing cross-reacting antigens, and the dynamics of the formation of ASL of each specificity was studied. Differences in the time of the appearance of ASL with receptors to thymus-independent (09, 12 or Vi) and thymus-dependent (Hd) antigens were studied. The relative content of ASL, determined with the use of immune reagents prepared from S. typhi antigens, was higher, on the whole, in rabbits immunized with S. typhi than in rabbits immunized with salmonellae containing one of cross-reacting antigens (S. enteritidis--09, 12; S. paratyphi C--Vi; S. virginia--Hd).

[Analysis of immune response of guinea pigs infected with Brucella melitensis]. / Analiz immunogo otveta morskikh svinok, infitsirovannykh Brucella melitensis.

The dynamics of the first antigen specific stage of immune response to Brucella infection was experimentally studied with the method of binding adsorbed antigenic immunoreagents with lymphocytes. The study revealed that the content of antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) reached its maximum as early as on day 7 after infection, gradually decreasing afterwards (but even on day 90 ABL could be detected in the blood). The specificity of ABL was proved by the fact that they were absent in noninfected animals, while in the animals infected with Brucella their content was higher than that of ABL specific to Yersinia enterocolitica O9; Brucella-specific ABL bound Brucella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) more intensively than Yersinia LPS. The detection of Brucella-specific ABL was inhibited by Brucella LPS more actively than by Yersinia LPS. The evaluation of the affinity of ABL to homologous LPS, made by the ratio of binding immunoreagents of the same specificity, but with suboptimal and optimal specificity, proved that an increase in the avidity of ABL occurred in the dynamics of the infectious process, which corresponded to the increase of their specificity.

[Detection of tissue specific antigen-binding lymphocytes in patients with acute enteric infections]. / Vyiavlenie antigensviazyvaiushchikh limfotsitov tkanevoi spetsifichnosti u bol'nykh ostrymi kishechnymi infektsiiami.

A total of 88 patients with salmonellosis, acute dysentery, alimentary toxicoinfection, acute gastroenterocolitis were examined. The study was aimed at early determination of the involvement of organs and tissues into the inflammatory process and detection of antigen-binding lymphocytes with the use of erythrocytic immunoreagents prepared from tissue antigens of mucous membranes of small and large intestine, duodenum, stomach, gall bladder, as well as liver and pancreas. The study demonstrated that as early as on day 1-3 of the disease the development of the inflammatory process in different organs was accompanied by the appearance of the corresponding tissue specific (organ specific) antigen-binding lymphocytes in all patients. As a rule, patients with different acute enteric diseases significantly differed by the frequency and spectrum of the involvement of such organs and tissues into pathological process.

[Detection of antigen-binding lymphocytes in the diagnosis of tuberculosis]. / Vyiavlenie antigensviazyvaiushchikh limfotsitov pri diagnostike tuberkuleza.

The efficiency of diagnosis of active tuberculosis was evaluated from detection of tuberculin-receptor lymphocytes [antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL)] by the indirect rossette-formation test with the red blood cell reagent designed. Sixty two patients with tuberculosis (of them 10 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis), 10 with lobular pneumonia, and 27 healthy individuals cal were examined. Positive results of fluography, smear microscopy, bacteriological study, leukocytic migration inhibition test, and test for ABL were obtained in 84, 40, 50, 39, and 100%, respectively. The controls had negative tests. Thus, ABL detection was the method of choice in tuberculosis diagnosis.

[The rapid identification of bacteria by agglutination on a slide of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes]. / Uskorennaia identifikatsiia bakterii aggliutinatsiei na stekle éritrotsitov, sensibilizirovannykh antitelami.

The method for the identification of Brucella (genus) and shigellae (species) by using slide agglutination of antibody erythrocytic immune reagents is substantiated. Such reagents, obtained from polyclonal nonadsorbed immune sera, ensure high specificity of taxon identification. The use of the proposed method may greatly accelerate bacteriological analysis.

[Emergency laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria]. / Ekstrennaia laboratornaia diagnostika difterii.

The immune response to diphtheria toxin (clinically pronounced infection or carrier state with the presence of toxigenic bacteria) or toxoid (vaccination) the blood has been found to contain lymphocytes (1.00-5.71%), specifically binding diphtheria toxoid (DTX). The method for the determination of lymphocytes, specifically binding DTX, may serve both for early diagnosis and in the process of the disease, irrespective of the injection of therapeutic serum to the patient. The result of the test is obtained 2-3 days earlier than the positive result of the bacteriological analysis. The set of immune reagents for the rapid diagnosis of diphtheria by the method of rosette formation has been developed.

[An experimental study of the effect of immunomodulators on the immune response to the anatoxin components of adsorbed DPT vaccine against a background of poisoning]. / Izuchenie v éksperimente vliianiia immunomoduliatorov na immunnyi otvet k anaktosinnym komponentam AKDS na fone intoksikatsii.

An experiment of rabbits subjected to artificial lead intoxication revealed that after the immunization of the animals with adsorbed DPT vaccine myelopid and thymoptin exhibited practically the same immunomodulating activity with respect to antibody response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, exceeding that of rabbits without intoxication. Still the immunomodulators used in this experiment did not completely compensate the negative effect of intoxication on antibody response to the toxoids. For the first time after immunization with adsorbed DPT toxoid lymphocytes capable of binding diphtheria toxoid were detected and the specific features of their dynamics in comparison with the activity of antitoxin were established. Myelopid and thymoptin were found to modulate immune response, evaluated by the content of antigen-binding lymphocytes, the injection of thymoptin completely compensating the negative effect of intoxication.

[The evaluation of different agglutination and adhesion tests with erythrocytic reagents in determining antibodies to the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhimurium in comparison with immunoenzyme analysis (IEA)]. / Otsenka razlichnykh aggliutinatsionnykh i adgezivnykh testov s éritrotsitarnymi reagentami pri opredelenii antitel k O- i H-antigenam Salmonella typhimurium v sravnenii s immunofermentnym analizom (IFA).

The comparison of the effectiveness of EIA with that of a number of agglutination and adhesion tests with erythrocyte diagnostica in the determination of antibodies to different S.typhimurium antigens demonstrated higher sensitivity of EIA. The relative specificity of the determination of O- and H-antibodies in EIA and in agglutination and adhesion tests depended on the isotype of antibodies to be determined and the specificity of sensitins used in the production of immunoreagents.

[Environmental pollution and the characteristics of the epidemic process in diphtheria]. / Zagriaznenie okruzhaiushchei sredy i osobennosti épidemicheskogo protsessa difterii.

The analysis of materials for 1981-1993 on the city of Almaty and the Zhambyl, Aktyubinsk, East Kazakhstan and Kustanai provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan made it possible to find out a number of specific features in diphtheria morbidity under the conditions of environmental pollution. It caused an increase in the number of the foci of the disease and in the proportion of bacterial carriers and diphtheria patients in the foci, the growth of the proportion of children among the patients and the proportion of toxic forms of diphtheria, the tendency towards a rise in the frequency of unfavorable outcomes of the disease. These features correspond to earlier data on the decreased immunological effectiveness of immunization with adsorbed DPT vaccine in the presence of environmental pollution in the above-mentioned territories.

[The diagnosis of staphylococcal infection by the determination of antigen-binding lymphocytes]. / Diagnostika stafilokokkovoi infektsii po opredeleniiu antigensviazyvaiushchikh limfotsitov.

Examination of 255 patients with different pyo-inflammatory and septic diseases revealed high effectiveness of the detection of staphylococcal infection by the determination of antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) in the indirect rosette-formation test with the use of specially designed staphylococcal erythrocytes immune reagents. ABL were detected in 63% of the examined patients, their content varied between 0.57% and 6.41% (which was, on the average, equal to 1.92 +/- 0.10%). The effectiveness of the method depended on the specificity of the staphylococcal reagent used in the test and on the time of examination of the patients. In patients with acute processes the determination of ABL permitted the diagnosis of staphylococcal infection before the activity of the corresponding serum antibodies could be measured. ABL were classified with T, B and "zero" populations of lymphocytes.

[The improvement of the immunodiagnosis of para-influenza infection based on erythrocyte reagents]. / Sovershestvovanie immunodiagnostiki paragrippoznoi infektsii na osnove éritrotsitarnykh reagentov.

Study of different methods of hemosensitization helped detect the optimum technology for the preparation of parainfluenza (type 3) antigenic erythrocyte diagnosticum. This technology ensures the highest sensitivity, specificity, economy (with respect to viral antigen consumption) and stability of the reagent. Titration of antibodies by means of the new diagnosticum and the detection of parainfluenza cases among children with acute respiratory virus infections, acute and chronic glomerulonephritis have been highly effective, considerably more effective than similar determinations by the hemagglutination inhibition test.

[The excretion of Shigella antigens in persons recovering from dysentery]. / Ob ékskretsii antigenov shigell u liudei, perebolevshikh dizenteriei.

Shigella antigens can be detected in the excreta of convalescents after dysentery for a long time. Most frequently these antigens occur in feces, less frequently in urine and rarely in saliva. According to indirect data, S. flexneri 1-6 antigens can be detected in excreta for a longer period after convalescence than S. sonnei antigens. When antigen indication is used for the diagnosis of dysentery and epidemiological analysis is carried out, one should bear in mind the length of the agent persistence in the body, related to Shigella type.

[The ecological aspects of ADTP vaccination]. / Ekologicheskie aspekty AKDS-vaktsinatsii.

The results of measuring the activity of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in the blood of 19,654 persons immunized with adsorbed DPT vaccine have shown a pronounced decrease in the effectiveness of booster immunization with adsorbed DPT vaccine. The negative influence of environmental pollution is more pronounced with respect to less active diphtheria toxoid. The possibility of the separation of the population into strata differing in the intensity of their immune response to toxoids under the influence of environmental pollution is considered.