Ultrafast hot-carrier dynamics in ultrathin monocrystalline gold.

Applications in photodetection, photochemistry, and active metamaterials and metasurfaces require fundamental understanding of ultrafast nonthermal and thermal electron processes in metallic nanosystems. Significant progress has been recently achieved in synthesis and investigation of low-loss monocrystalline gold, opening up opportunities for its use in ultrathin nanophotonic architectures. Here, we reveal fundamental differences in hot-electron thermalisation dynamics between monocrystalline and polycrystalline ultrathin (down to 10 nm thickness) gold films. Comparison of weak and strong excitation regimes showcases a counterintuitive unique interplay between thermalised and non-thermalised electron dynamics in mesoscopic gold with the important influence of the X-point interband transitions on the intraband electron relaxation. We also experimentally demonstrate the effect of hot-electron transfer into a substrate and the substrate thermal properties on electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering in ultrathin films. The hot-electron injection efficiency from monocrystalline gold into TiO2, approaching 9% is measured, close to the theoretical limit. These experimental and modelling results reveal the important role of crystallinity and interfaces on the microscopic electronic processes important in numerous applications.

Transport and Interfacial Injection of d-Band Hot Holes Control Plasmonic Chemistry.

Harnessing nonequilibrium hot carriers from plasmonic metal nanostructures constitutes a vibrant research field with the potential to control photochemical reactions, particularly for solar fuel generation. However, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay of plasmonic hot-carrier-driven processes in metal/semiconducting heterostructures has remained elusive. In this work, we reveal the complex interdependence among plasmon excitation, hot-carrier generation, transport, and interfacial collection in plasmonic photocatalytic devices, uniquely determining the charge injection efficiency at the solid/liquid interface. Measuring the internal quantum efficiency of ultrathin (14-33 nm) single-crystalline plasmonic gold (Au) nanoantenna arrays on titanium dioxide substrates, we find that the performance of the device is limited by hot hole collection at the metal/electrolyte interface. Our solid- and liquid-state experimental approach, combined with ab initio simulations, demonstrates more efficient collection of high-energy d-band holes traveling in the [111] orientation, enhancing oxidation reactions on {111} surfaces. These findings establish new guidelines for optimizing plasmonic photocatalytic systems and optoelectronic devices.

Effectiveness of ultrasonography and shear wave sonoelastography in Sjögren syndrome with salivary gland involvement.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effectiveness of major salivary gland ultrasonography (MSGUS) using a new grading system and shear wave elastography (SWE) in evaluating the major salivary glands of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SjS). METHODS: This prospectively-designed cross-sectional study included 49 SjS patients and 49 healthy controls. Major salivary glands were examined with gray-scale ultrasonography and SWE. A new grading system for salivary glands was developed using MSGUS findings. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MSGUS and shear wave velocity (SWV) values were investigated. The MSGUS grading system and SWV values were evaluated together by logistic regression analysis. A cutoff value of SWE for salivary glands was determined. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MSGUS were 69.4%, 73.5%, 72.3%, and 70.6% for the submandibular gland and 69.4%, 65.3%, 66.7%, and 68.1% for the parotid gland, respectively. The mean SWV values of the parotid and submandibular glands were significantly higher in SjS patients than in controls (P<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for the submandibular gland (cutoff, 1.95 m/s) and the parotid gland (cutoff, 2.39 m/s) were 69.4%, 52%, 59.1%, and 63% and 82.7%, 83.7%, 83.5%, and 82.8%, respectively. Adding SWE to the parotid gland grading system increased the sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity, 82.7%; specificity, 83.7%). CONCLUSION: Evaluating the salivary glands using MSGUS with a new grading system and SWE may contribute to the diagnosis of SjS. The combination of MSGUS and SWE may be a promising tool for diagnosing SjS.

Parotid gland tumors: comparison of conventional and diffusion-weighted MRI findings with histopathological results.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pathological classification of parotid gland tumors and conventional MRI - diffusion-weighted imaging findings and also contribute the possible effect of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to diagnosis. METHODS: 60 patients with parotid masses diagnosed using histopathology and/or cytology were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients were evaluated using a 1.5 T MRI. Demographic features, conventional MRI findings, and ADC values (mean, minimum, maximum, and relative) were recorded. MRI findings and ADC values were compared between benign-malignant groups and pleomorphic adenoma vs Warthin's tumor groups. RESULTS: 60 tumors (48 benign, 12 malignant) were evaluated in a total of 60 patients (39 males, 21 females). The mean age was 59 (±14, 18-86) years old; the mean lesion size was 26 (±10, 11-61) mm. On the texture of conventional MRI, T2 dominantly hyperintense/with hypointensity signal was seen in 87% of pleomorphic adenomas and T2 dominantly hypointense/with hyperintesity signal was encountered in 64% of all Warthin's tumors. Seven (28%) Warthin's tumors were misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenomas and two others (8%) as malignant tumors. The commonly used mean ADC value was 1.6 ± 0.6 × 10-3 mm2 s-1 for benign tumors, 0.8 ± 0.3 × 10-3 mm2 s-1 for malign tumors, 1 (0.9-1.8) × 10-3 mm2 s-1 for Warthin's tumors, and 1.9 ± 0.3 × 10-3 mm2 s-1 for pleomorphic adenomas. There was a statistically significant difference in ADC values between benign-malignant tumors and pleomorphic adenomas-Warthin's tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Warthin's tumor may occasionally be misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma and malignant tumor because of variable morphologic features. In addition to benign-malignant differentiation, the added ADC measurement may also be useful for differentiating Warthin's tumors from pleomorphic adenomas.

The Relationship Between MRI Findings and Molecular Subtypes in Women With Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the preoperative MRI findings of patients with breast cancer according to molecular subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI findings of women diagnosed with breast cancer in our department between January 2013 and June 2017 who had preoperative breast MRI examinations were evaluated and histopathological findings were recorded retrospectively. The findings were classified according to the BI-RADS MRI classification by three radiologists. Correlations of MRI findings with the molecular subtypes were evaluated using Chi-square and t-tests. RESULTS: Among 234 lesions in a total of 224 cases diagnosed with breast cancer, subtypes of breast cancer as following: Luminal (162 cases, 69%), triple negative (39 cases, 17%) and HER2 positive (33 cases, 14%), respectively. Lesions of patients with luminal, triple negative and HER2 positive invasive ductal cancer were round or lobular in shape (9.9%, 42.9%, 20.7%), had high/very high intratumoral T2 signal intensity (24.8%, 54.2%, 31%) and rim enhancement pattern (9.2%, 51.4%, 24.1%), respectively. The difference between the triple negative cases and the other subtypes was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: One of the most important factors that determine the prognosis and treatment in breast cancer is the molecular subtype of the tumor. Morphologic findings of MRI can be a useful tool for differentiating triple negative breast cancer from other subtypes.

Is Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Useful as an Adult Ultrasonographic Malignancy Risk Stratification Method in Pediatric Thyroid Nodules?

BACKGROUND: Data on thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) generally belong to studies performed in adults. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the performance and utility of TI-RADS in the pediatric group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2015 to 2018, 108 nodules were evaluated in 1028 thyroid ultrasound examinations. Images were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists with 3 and 7 years of pediatric radiology experience, according to TI-RADS classification. Morphological findings of the detected nodules and their histopathological results were recorded. Histopathological findings and at least 12 months of follow-up imaging were taken as reference. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were female (67%). The mean age was 11.4 ± 4.7, and the mean nodule size was 7.4 ± 8.3 mm. According to the histopathological assessment and at least 12 months' follow-up with clinical and sonographic stability 100 (95.2%) of the nodules were benign and 5 (4.8%) were malignant. Two nodules, nondiagnostic cytology and 1 nodule were found to be suspicious for malignancy. All malignant nodules were in the TI-RADS 5 category. The majority of benign nodules (79%) were found in low TI-RADS categories. About 80% of the malignant nodules were very hypoechoic and taller than wide in shape, also all malignant nodules had microcalcifications (P = 0.000). The sensitivity of TI-RADS was 100%, specificity was 78.8%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 19.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. CONCLUSION: According to our study, TI-RADS system can be used to evaluate thyroid nodules in pediatric patients similar to adults.

The Role of Real-Time Elastography in the Differential Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to scrutinize the value of qualitative elastography in the diagnosis of salivary gland masses. METHODS: Sixty patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients aged between 1 and 91 years (mean age, 48.8 ± 20.48) with a salivary gland mass were studied with real-time elastography. All patients were examined by 1 examiner, blinded to all relevant data. On elastography, masses were scored into 4 types according to their stiffness compared to normal tissue. Scores of 3 and 4 were accepted as signs of malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were calculated for elastography in verifying malignancy. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the masses were located in the parotid, and the rest in submandibular gland. The diameter of the lesions varied between 12 and 60 mm (mean, 24.36 ± 11.98 mm). Forty-four masses were benign (73%), and among them the majority were inflammatory lesions (31 of 60; 51.7%). There were 16 malignant lesions (27%). On elastography, not only all malignant lesions but 15 benign lesions were scored as 3 to 4. All masses scored as 1 to 2 were benign. Sensitivity was 100%; specificity, 66%; positive predictive value, 52%; and negative predictive value, 100%. When only Score 4 lesions were accepted as malignant, these values became 75%, 77%, 55%, and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Elastography alone cannot be used to discriminate malignant from benign in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions. However, with its high negative predictive value, it may be used as an adjunct tool to increase the diagnostic value of ultrasonography.

Evaluation of Morphologic and Morphometric Characteristic of Foramen Transversarium on 3-Dimensional Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography.

AIM: To investigate the size and variations of the foramen transversarium (TF). In addition, to study the anatomical variations of the vertebral artery entering the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The images of 141 (90 males, 51 females) patients aged 18-79 years (mean: 52.7 years) were analyzed. As a result, 987 cervical spines (C1-C7) and 1974 foramina transversaria were individually evaluated. Each TF"s anterior-posterior (AP) and transverse diameter (T) was measured bilaterally from multidetector computed tomography (CT) images. The absence of TF was considered as agenesis and a diameter of less than 2 mm as hypoplastic. Double foramina and incomplete double foramina were also noted. We evaluated the levels at which the vertebral arteries entered the transverse foramina. RESULTS: The most frequent variation was duplication of TF, which was noted in a total of 88 (8.91%) cervical vertebrae. Agenesis of TF was seen in 37 (3.74%), and hypoplasia of TF in 26 (2.63%) cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery entered into the transverse foramen of the 5th cervical vertebra from both sides in 4 (1.84%) patients. The vertebral artery entered into the transverse foramen of the 7th cervical vertebra in 4 (1.84%) patients. The vertebral artery entered into the transverse foramen of the 4th cervical vertebra in only 1 (0.45%) patient. CONCLUSION: We believe that the determination of foraminal variations could be an important guide for neurosurgeons and radiologists in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in this area.

Pulmonary Artery Obstruction Index and Right Ventricular Dysfunction Signs in Initial and Follow up Pulmonary Computed Tomography Angiography in Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

INTODUCTION: Acute Pulmonary Embolism (APE) increases the pressure of the pulmonary arterial system with resulting Right Ventricle Dysfunction (RVD). AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Pulmonary Artery Obstruction Index (PAOI) and signs of right heart dysfunction with computed tomography angiography in APE patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 72 consecutive patients (mean age 64.1±16.9 years; 59.7% female) with APE who had initial echocardiography with computed tomography angiography. Among these 72 patients, only 25 (34.7%) patients had follow up computed tomography angiography images and we evaluate right heart dysfunction with PAOI and Right Ventricle (RV) diameter. RESULTS: In 72 patients with APE, PAOI and RVD signs were significantly high. Twenty five of these 72 patients (34.7%) had follow up computed tomography angiography images and among those 25 patients, there was correlation between reduction of PAOI and RV diameter in follow up period. CONCLUSION: PAOI and RVD signs in initial computed tomography angiography and in follow up computed tomography angiography can be used in the management of Pulmonary Embolism (PE) patients.

Sonographic features of histopathologically benign solid breast lesions that have been classified as BI-RADS 4 on sonography.

PURPOSE: To describe the sonographic (US) features associated with ultrasonography BI-RADS category 4 lesions that have a benign histopathological outcome. METHODS: One hundred seventy-two histopathologically proven benign lesions in 169 patients, which had been classified as BI-RADS category 4 with ultrasonography, were retrospectively evaluated. Ultrasonography and histopathology findings were analyzed. The frequency of sonographic findings according to the histopathological diagnosis was determined. RESULTS: Among the 172 lesions, there were 66 (38%) fibroadenomas, 31 (18%) sclerosing adenoses, 24 (14%) fibrocystic changes, 16 (9%) mastitis/inflammations, 9 (5.5%) intraductal papillomas, 8 (5%) focal fibroses, 4 (2.5%) atypical ductal hyperplasias, 4 (2.5%) fat necroses, 2 (1%) phyllodes tumors, 1 (0.5%) tubular adenomas, 1 (0.5%) epidermal inclusion cysts, and 6 (3.5%) "other benign lesions." The most frequent sonographic findings were heterogeneity, indistinct margin, microlobulation in fibroadenomas; heterogeneity, irregular-indefinite margin, and antiparallel orientation in sclerosing adenosis; heterogeneity, microlobulation, and acoustic shadowing in fibrocystic changes. CONCLUSIONS: BI-RADS category 4 lesions demonstrate more than one suspicious ultrasonography feature, and biopsy is necessary to diagnose malignancy captured in 33% of lesions in this study. At this time, any lesion with more than one suspicious BI-RADS US feature cannot avoid a diagnostic biopsy.

The impact of pre-procedural waiting period and anxiety level on pain perception in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of pre-procedural waiting period and anxiety level on pain perception during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients who had undergone transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were enrolled in this prospective study. The subjects were asked to fill out the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale-1 to measure the level of state anxiety at three times: 1) at the time of the procedure request, 2) before the procedure, and 3) before getting the result. Just after biopsy, the patients were asked to fill out a visual analog scale to evaluate pain perception resulting from the biopsy. RESULTS: The mean pre-procedural level of state anxiety score was well correlated with the visual analog scale score (r=0.498; P < 0.001). The mean level of state anxiety scores before biopsy (39.7±9.4) and before getting the result (39.9±8.4) were significantly higher than the mean level of state anxiety score when the procedure was requested (31.4±7.9) (P < 0.001 for both). The patient group was divided into two subgroups according to the waiting time between the request and the procedure itself; the cut-off value between the short and long groups was 10 days. The difference between the mean visual analog scale scores from transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy patients with the short (n=23, 1.49±0.95) and long (n=37, 2.35±1.12) waiting periods was statistically significant (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, performing the transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy procedure as soon as possible and using more effective anesthetic methods, especially for patients with high level of state anxiety scores, may have a positive impact on patient tolerance.

Sclerosing adenosis of the breast: radiologic appearance and efficiency of core needle biopsy.

PURPOSE: To examine the mammography and ultrasonography findings of patients who have a final histopathological diagnosis of sclerosing adenosis after breast biopsy, and to evaluate the follow-up results of patients who underwent core needle biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six of the 723 patients who underwent breast biopsy in our institution were diagnosed with sclerosing adenosis on histopathological examination. Mammography and ultrasonography findings from these 76 lesions were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty-seven of these lesions were sampled by image-guided core needle biopsy; the remaining lesions were excised surgically. Mammograms and ultrasound images of the lesions were re-evaluated, and the post-biopsy medical records of these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Sclerosing adenosis was the main diagnosis in 41 patients and the complementary diagnosis in 35 patients. Among the first 41 lesions in which sclerosing adenosis was the main diagnosis, there were 18 (44%) mass lesions, 16 (39%) microcalcification clusters, two (5%) lesions with asymmetrical opacity, three (7%) lesions with architectural distortion, and two (5%) lesions with focal acoustical shadowing that was only detected by ultrasonography. No alterations suggesting malignancy were noted during the follow-up examinations of 35 patients who underwent core needle biopsy. CONCLUSION: Sclerosing adenosis is a benign proliferative disease of the breast that can be confused with malignancy on clinical, radiological, and even histopathological examination. There is no typical radiological criterion for diagnosis. Core needle biopsy or excisional biopsy can be used, depending on the lesion's characteristics. Core needle biopsy can be the first step in the diagnosis of sclerosing adenosis.

Fibrotic lesions of the breast: radiological findings and core-neddle biopsy results.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of breast lesions with a histopathological diagnosis of focal fibrosis based on imaging guided core biopsy, to review the radiologic findings and to assess the diagnostic reliability of 14 G core needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 723 patients, who had undergone 14 G core biopsy and/or surgical excisions, were retrospectively analyzed. Overall, 43 lesions were diagnosed as focal fibrosis. Physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, and follow-up findings were all reviewed. RESULTS: Radiological evaluation revealed that 35 (81%) lesions were solid masses. Of 35 mass lesions, 24 (69%) were well circumscribed, the remaining 11 (31%) lesions were ill defined on mammograms or sonograms. None of the lesions had pathological microcalcifications. Three lesions were surgically excised because of radio-pathological discordance after core needle biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Focal fibrosis of the breast is a benign condition and reflects the ductal and lobular atrophy secondary to stromal proliferation. The radiological findings of this entity may vary and sometimes mimic those of malignant lesions. The incidence of focal fibrosis among our study population is 6% and a well-defined mass lesion is the most frequent finding. Core needle biopsy is a safe and reliable diagnostic procedure in the management of these cases.

The diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound guided imaging algorithm in evaluation of patients with hematuria.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficiency of the following imaging algorithm, including intravenous urography (IVU) or computed tomography urography (CTU) based on ultrasonographic (US) selection, in the radiological management of hematuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-one patients with hematuria were prospectively evaluated. Group 1 included 106 cases with normal or nearly normal US result and then they were examined with IVU. Group 2 was composed of the remaining 35 cases which had any urinary tract abnormality, and they were directed to CTU. Radiological results were compared with clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Ultrasonography and IVU results of 97 cases were congruent in group 1. Eight simple cysts were detected with US and 1 non-obstructing ureter stone was detected with IVU in remaining 9 patients. The only discordant case in clinical comparison was found to have urinary bladder cancer on conventional cystoscopy. Ultrasonography and CTU results were congruent in 30 cases. Additional lesions were detected with CTU (3 ureter stones, 1 ureter TCC, 1 advanced RCC) in remaining 5 patients. Ultrasonography+CTU combination results were all concordant with clinical diagnosis. Except 1 case, radio-clinical agreement was achieved. CONCLUSION: Cross-sectional imaging modalities are preferred in evaluation of hematuria. CTU is the method of choice; however the limitations preclude using CTU as first line or screening test. Ultrasonography is now being accepted as a first line imaging modality with the increased sensitivity in mass detection compared to IVU. The US guided imaging algorithm can be used effectively in radiological approach to hematuria.

[Atypically located pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma: case report]. / Atipik yerlesimli pulmoner adenoid kistik karsinom: Olgu sunumu.

Pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinomas typically arise from central extra-pulmonary airways and lung involvement is rare. On the other hand, this entity should be kept in mind because it has a more favorable clinical course compared to the primary lung adenocarcinoma. In this paper; the clinical, radiological and pathological aspects of a 47 years old man with a complaint of chronic cough, who was found to have a mass lesion at upper lobe of right lung and a final diagnosis of primary pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma according to transbronchial needle biopsy and pneumonectomy, was presented.

Ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis of isolated acephaly.

First trimester obstetric ultrasonography of a 32-year old female patient revealed a 13-week-old (according to the length of the femur and abdominal circumference) intrauterine live pregnancy with the absence of the fetal head. Medical abortus was performed with the diagnosis of acephaly and final diagnosis was confirmed by pathological and radiological examinations. We present and discuss the possible etiopathologic mechanisms of an acephaly case, which is described as acardia-acephaly complex in the literature, and usually appears in cases of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence, but has not been previously reported as an isolated finding.

[The detectability of posterior portion of superior pericardial recess on routine chest CT]. / Rutin toraks BT incelemesinde süperior perikardiyal bosluk posterior bölümünün görülebilirligi.

The aim of this study was to search for the conspicuity, shape and size of posterior portion of superior pericardial recess (SPR) on routine spiral chest computed tomography (CT). Chest CTs of 180 consecutive patients were reviewed for the presence of the posterior portion of SPR, retrospectively. All images were reevaluated on a workstation by two radiologists in consensus with a constant window setting (window level 50 HU, window width 350 HU). Uniform, sharply outlined structure of near water density, without walls and rims in the posterior aspect of the ascending aorta was defined as posterior portion of the SPR. Identifiable recesses were classified as linear, crescentic, semicircle and amorphous in appearance. The depth of the recess was measured. Pericardial thickness, diameters of ascending and descending aorta, and pulmonary artery and its major branches were noted. Statistical analyses were performed to scrutinize any relationship between the presence of the recess, its shape, depth, gender, pericardial thickness and diameters of thoracic vessels. The recess was identified in 174 (96%) patients. Seventy-nine (45%) recesses were semicircular, 47 (27%) linear, 39 (23%) amorphous and 9 (5%) crescentic. The mean depth was 6 +/- 3.5 mm. The mean diameter of ascending, descending aorta, and pulmonary artery and its main branches were 33.6 +/- 5 mm, 25.7 +/- 3.7 mm, 23.2 +/- 2.6 mm, 19.2 +/- 2.6 mm, and 19.3 +/- 2.6 mm, respectively. The mean pericardial thickness was 2.7 +/- 0.6 mm. The shape and depth of the recess did not correlate with age, gender, vascular diameters and pericardial thickness. The posterior portion of SPR may be encountered in the majority of patients. Conspicuity of the recess may be due to individual variability.

The effect of strabismus surgery on retrobulbar hemodynamics.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential alterations of ocular hemodynamics after strabismus surgery using color Doppler ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eyes of 18 patients and the left eyes of 20 healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups according to the number of operated muscles. Group 1 included seven patients with surgery on one rectus muscle; group 2 included 13 patients with surgery on two rectus muscles. Nine patients underwent adjustable suture eye muscle surgery. The ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, short posterior ciliary artery, long posterior ciliary artery, and central retinal veins of both groups were examined. With spectral analysis, peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistivity, and pulsatility indices were calculated. RESULTS: There was no difference in the Doppler ultrasonography parameters between the group with surgery on one-horizontal rectus muscle and the group with surgery on two-horizontal rectus muscles. The adjustable suture procedure did not affect retrobulbar hemodynamics. There was no difference between the preoperative and postoperative Doppler examinations. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with some recent studies, our results suggest that the strabismus surgery involving one- or two-horizontal rectus muscles does not have a measurable effect on retrobulbar blood flow.