Esophageal melanoma: a systematic review and exploratory recurrence and survival analysis.

Esophageal melanoma is a rare and poorly described malignancy. We sought to review all available data on the clinicopathological features, management options, and outcomes of patients with esophageal melanoma to guide clinicians working to treat these uncommon tumors. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed. Exploratory recurrence and survival analyses were performed using previously-validated pooled Cox and logistic regression techniques for case reports and case series. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the tools developed by the Joanna Briggs and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes. Fifty-nine studies were reviewed. A total of 93 patients with esophageal melanoma were identified. The mean patient age was 61.2 ± 10.6 years. Esophageal melanoma usually developed at the lower esophagus (48.4%). 90.3% of the patients were symptomatic at presentation, with dysphagia being the most common symptom (72%). Esophagectomy was performed in 91.4% of the patients. Postoperatively, 14 patients (15.1%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor recurrence was seen in 37 patients (39.8%). The median time to recurrence was 6 months. Disease-specific mortality was 43%. All-cause mortality was 46.1%. On multivariable Cox regression, older patient age (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.91, P = 0.008) and higher Melan-A expression (HR = 0.21; P = 0.029) were associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality. Higher S100 levels (HR = 37.4; P = 0.001) were predictive of poor survival. On logistic regression, large, ulcerated, lower esophageal tumors were significantly more likely to recur (P = 0.018, P = 0.013, and P = 0.027 respectively). Esophageal melanoma is a rare malignancy that tends to present with dysphagia. Most surgically-treated patients undergo esophagectomy. Large, ulcerated, lower esophageal lesions recur more frequently. Immunohistochemistry provides prognostic information regarding survival.

Clinical implications of the histologically and immunohistochemically detected solitary lymph node metastases in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Topographic correlation between the primary gastric tumor and the first peri- and extragastric lymphatic drain basin (solitary lymph node metastasis) on gastrectomy specimens, represents a reliable method to investigate and understand the exact pattern of lymphatic drainage from a gastric tumor. Analyzing that correlation, useful information regarding the extent of the appropriate oncological perigastric lymphadenectomy will be provided. We retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of a modified D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer patients, based on the topographic correlation between the primary tumor and the location of the solitary lymph node metastases, as they were detected by histology and immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Between April 2003 and March 2010, 134 gastric cancer patients were submitted to a modified D2 lymphadenectomy. Postoperatively, the standard histological ex-amination by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, disclosed metastatic infiltration of at least two lymph nodes in 90 patients, solitary lymph node metastases were histologically detected in 10 patients, while the remaining 34 patients were classified as pN0. All lymph nodes of the ten patients with histological solitary lymph node metastases, as well as the 34 patients who had been classified as pN0 by histology, were further submitted to immunohistochemistry for micrometastases detection. More than one micrometastases were detected in none of them, while in seven patients solitary micrometastases were detected either in the level I perigastric or in the level II extragastric lymph nodes stations (skip micrometastases). RESULTS: Solitary lymph node metastases were detected by histology in ten patients and by immunohistochemistry in additional seven (nine females and eight males). Solitary metastases were detected in the level I LN stations in seven patients (four by histology and three by immunohistochemistry) and in the level II LN stations in ten patients (six by histology and four by immunohistochemistry). In order of frequency, the solitary lymph node metastases were located in the no 7 (n = 6), no 6 (n = 4), no 9 (n = 2), no 5 (n = 2), no 4 (n = 1), no 8 (n = 1) and no 12 (n = 1) LN stations. Skip metastases encountered the 60% of the histologically detected, 57% of the immunohistochemically detected and 59% of all solitary lymph node metastases. 80% of solitary metastases in the level II LN stations, were mainly located in the nos 7-9 lymph node stations complex. Tumors of the lower and middle-third of the stomach were equally drained both to the level I and level II lymph node stations, while 67% of the tumors towards the lesser curvature, were mainly drained in the level II lymph node stations. CONCLUSION: D2 lymphadenectomy increases the number of true R0 resections. Thus, a modified D2 lymphadenectomy should be routinely performed in gastric cancer patients.

Vein patch angioplasty with non-penetrating titanium clips. Comparison to standard suture technique.

Our purpose was to compare the Vascular Closure Staples (VCS) clips to a standard suture technique for vein patch angioplasty in a porcine model. Six female pigs underwent vein patch angioplasty of the common iliac arteries with either VCS clips or continuous suturing. The reconstructed vessels were evaluated macroscopically, angiographically and histologically after two months by re-operation. There was a non significant trend towards shorter reconstruction (6.5 +/- 1.8 min. for clips vs. 8.5 +/- 1.7 min. for sutures, p = 0.15) and clamp times when clips were used (8.4 +/- 1.5 min. vs. 10.1 +/- 1.3 min., p = 0.15). At re-operation all vessels were found patent without significant histological differences regarding the intimal reaction. VCS clips are a reliable alternative to sutures for vein patch angioplasty.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in children a case report and literature review / Carcinoma de células acinosas de la glándula parótida en niños reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Parotid acinic cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy in childhood. We report the case of a 12-year old girl presenting with a palpable mass in the left maxillofacial area. The radiologic evaluation showed a parotid mass. Tumour resection revealed acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. She underwent complementary total parotidectomy without any adjuvant treatment. The patient has been disease-free for the last five years. We review the literature on acinic cell carcinomas of parotid glands in childhood.

El carcinoma de células acinosas de la parótida es una malignidad rara en la niñez. Reportamos el caso de una niña de 12 años con una masa palpable en el área maxilofacial izquierda. La evaluación radiológica mostró una masa parótida. La resección del tumor reveló un carcinoma celular de la glándula parótida. Fue sometida a una parotidectomía total complementaria sin tratamiento adyuvante alguno. La paciente ha estado libre de enfermedad durante los últimos cinco años. Revisamos la literatura sobre carcinomas de células acinosas en las glándulas parótidas en niños.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: a case report and literature review.

Parotid acinic cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy in childhood. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with a palpable mass in the left maxillofacial area. The radiologic evaluation showed a parotid mass. Tumour resection revealed acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. She underwent complementary total parotidectomy without any adjuvant treatment. The patient has been disease-free for the last five years. We review the literature on acinic cell carcinomas of parotid glands in childhood.

Disappearance of recurrent intra-abdominal extrahepatic hydatid cyst following oral albendazole administration

A 44-year old male patient with a past medical history of a complete surgical excision of pelvic hydatid cyst two years previously presented with constant pelvic floor pain and plasma IgG anti-echinococcal antibody titres of 14.27 U/mL. Based on that and the imaging findings of abdominal ultrasound (US), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) the diagnosis of a recurrent retrorectal pelvic hydatid cyst was made. Three courses of oral albendazole treatment were administered and sixteen weeks later, the patient was admitted for a planned elective operation. At that time, a new CT scan revealed disappearance of the cyst, while the serological tests showed a decrease in the IgG anti-echinococcal antibody titres to 0. 71 U/mL. Four different species of the Echinococcus tapeworm can produce infection in humans. E granulosus and E multilocularis are the most common, causing cystic and alveolar echinococcosis respectively, while E vogeli and E oligarthrus, have only rarely been associated with human infection. Although surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for hydatid disease, the present case could suggest that especially in cases of recurrent intraabdominal extrahepatic hydatid cyst, treatment with albendazole may lead to disappearance of the recurrent cyst therefore, should constitute a first line therapeutic option prior to any planned reoperation.

[A retained foreign body in the peritoneal cavity causing intestinal obstruction by intraluminal migration]. / Der vergessene Fremdkörper als Ursache einer postoperativen Darmobstruktion.

BACKGROUND: Forgetting a foreign body in the abdominal cavity is an unpleasant and avoidable situation. It usually occurs when the preventive protocols are not followed precisely. In such a case clinical consequences are unpredictable and relaparotomy may become necessary. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a temporary intestinal obstruction six months after a transabdominal hysterectomy. Diagnostic workup revealed a laparotomy-gauze left in the abdominal cavity at the previous operation. Exploration showed that the gauze was actually located in the intestinal lumen. The inflammatory reaction elicited by the foreign body eroded the intestinal wall and allowed its intraluminal migration. The gauze moved distally due to peristalsis until it became trapped in the ileocecal valve causing obstruction. When it finally passed through the valve the obstruction was relieved. Intraoperative maneuvers advanced the foreign body further forward until it was removed transanally. CONCLUSION: The formal processes - counting the gauzes continually and double crossing the counting - must be kept in every laparotomy to avoid the unpleasant experience of gauze remaining in the peritoneal cavity. In such an unfortunate case traditional open surgery provides a safe solution to the patient's problem.

Disappearance of recurrent intra-abdominal extrahepatic hydatid cyst following oral albendazole administration.

A 44-year old male patient with a past medical history of a complete surgical excision of pelvic hydatid cyst two years previously presented with constant pelvic floor pain and plasma IgG anti-echinococcal antibody titres of 14.27 U/mL. Based on that and the imaging findings of abdominal ultrasound (US), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) the diagnosis of a recurrent retrorectal pelvic hydatid cyst was made. Three courses of oral albendazole treatment were administered and sixteen weeks later, the patient was admitted for a planned elective operation. At that time, a new CT scan revealed disappearance of the cyst, while the serological tests showed a decrease in the IgG anti-echinococcal antibody titres to 0. 71 U/mL. Four different species of the Echinococcus tapeworm can produce infection in humans. E granulosus and E multilocularis are the most common, causing cystic and alveolar echinococcosis respectively, while E vogeli and E oligarthrus, have only rarely been associated with human infection. Although surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for hydatid disease, the present case could suggest that especially in cases of recurrent intraabdominal extrahepatic hydatid cyst, treatment with albendazole may lead to disappearance of the recurrent cyst therefore, should constitute a first line therapeutic option prior to any planned reoperation.

Acute segmental intestinal ischemia: diagnosis with spiral computed tomography.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness and the validity of spiral computerized tomography (CT) in assessing acute segmental intestinal ischemia. We present the spiral CT imaging findings in surgically proven cases of intestinal ischemia. 46 patients were admitted to our facility over a five-year period with suspicion of acute enteric ischemia. 34 were first examined with spiral CT and underwent surgery. In 24 of the 34 patients (sensitivity 70.6%), at least one imaging finding specific for segmental intestinal ischemia was recognised (true positive examinations). Spiral-CT examination demonstrated non-specific or normal findings in 7 out of 34 patients with proven intestinal ischemia (20.6% false negative studies). In conclusion, spiral CT can be used in the investigation of patients with suspected acute intestinal ischemia to confirm or suggest the diagnosis or exclude other potential diagnoses.

Spiral computerized tomography : a diagnostic aid in patients with atypical acute appendicitis.

This retrospective study aimed to estimate the value of spiral Computerized Tomography (sCT) in patients with suspected appendicitis who remained undiagnosed after 48 hours of expectant management. We assessed a cohort of 150 patients by focused unenhanced sCT. According to the clinical scenario we occasionally employed contrast media and extended the scanned area. The major radiological signs were appendiceal enlargement and inflammatory changes of periappendiceal tissue and mesenteric fat. Regarding acute appendicitis the examination was 95.8% sensitive, 97.4% specific, had a positive predictive value of 97.18%, a negative predictive value of 96.2% and an accuracy of 96.7%. It also provided alternative diagnoses in 55 patients leading correctly 31 of them to the theatre for a variety of abdominal surgical diseases. For abdominal surgical pathology in general, sCT was 97.1% sensitive, 95.7% specific, had a positive predictive value of 98% and a negative predictive value of 93.8%. The importance of good communication between the clinicians and radiologists was pointed out by the correct alternative diagnoses set by imaging in the 55 patients after modifying the sCT protocol and was highlighted by the unnecessary appendectomy of three patients with negative imaging. Our results verify the accuracy and value of unenhanced sCT in patients with a clinical picture which remains inconclusive after an initial period of expectant management.

Acute appendicitis: the reliability of diagnosis by clinical assessment alone.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This prospective study aimed to review the trustworthiness of the initial clinical assessment in acute appendicitis without employment of imaging modalities, laparoscopy or any other adjunct diagnostic test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 717 patients were operated on for appendicitis by six different surgeons. Initial clinical and laboratory examination were evaluated in relation to the intraoperative and the pathological appreciation of the appendiceal inflammation. RESULTS: 598 patients were found to have appendicitis, 34 a different condition, 41 had both appendicitis and an additional condition and 44 no pathology. 6% of the laparotomies and 11% of the appendectomies were unnecessary. The severity of the inflammation correlated significantly with periumbilical pain, pain migrating to right lower quadrant, loss of appetite, fever, rebound tenderness, local rigidity, polymorphonuclear predominance on deferential, polymorhonucleosis and leukocytosis. Leukocytosis was less frequent in aged patients. All the six surgeons were found to be equally reliable, although they all underestimated the setting compared to the pathologists. Patients with a long duration of symptoms had milder forms of inflammation and increased percentage of unanticipated abdominal conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Appendicitis can be reliably diagnosed clinically without employment of adjunct tests. These can be reserved for equivocal cases.

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung arising over cystic pulmonary adenomatoid malformation.

The authors report the case of a 2-year-old girl with pulmonary cystic adenomatoid malformation type II who presented with a mass on the lower lobe of the left lung. Resection and histological examination revealed pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed the operation and the girl is alive and in perfect condition 10 years after the operation. The literature on primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung in children is reviewed.

Presternal gastric bypass for late postpneumonectomy esophagopleural fistula.

SUMMARY: A 71-year-old diabetic patient underwent right pneumonectomy with wide mediastinal lymph node dissection for lung cancer (right upper lobe). Postoperatively he developed pleura empyema that was successfully treated - drainage and Eloesser window, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Two months later he developed an esophagopleural fistula. Due to the patient's physical condition primary repair of the esophageal rupture was considered a high-risk operation. Stenting was also considered as inappropriate due to the existing contamination. Bypassing with the use of the stomach as conduit was preferred due to its simplicity compared to the colon. In order to avoid mediastinum after the postradiation alterations and because of the Eloesser window we adopted a presternal subcutaneous position. Twenty-eight months after the by pass procedure the patient is in good health being able to eat and drink, has gained weight and shows no evidence of malignancy. Presternal gastric esophageal bypass has never been reported as a treatment for esophagopleural fistula. This case report indicates its possible successful use in this debilitating setting, although more experience is needed.

Contrast-enhanced spiral CT evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness and validity of contrast enhanced-spiral computerized tomography in assessing blunt abdominal trauma. 257 patients were admitted in a general hospital over a period of five years and were examined with computed tomography. Two-dimension reconstruction and delayed imaging were used when appropriate. 169 patients underwent a laparotomy, while 88 were treated conservatively. Scans were true positive for intraabdominal damage in 212 patients depicting chiefly splenic, liver, renal, urinary bladder, and mesenteric/intestinal injuries (41%, 18%, 6.6%, 6.6%, and 13.7% respectively). True negative examinations amounted up to 35. 10 non-specific examinations displayed the existence of hemoperitoneum but not the actual damage itself, therefore they were considered false negative. No false positive examination existed. Overall sensitivity was 95%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 78%. In conclusion spiral computed tomography is a valuable examination in blunt abdominal trauma as it facilitates diagnosis of intraabdominal damage, assists in defining treatment and occasionally allows foretelling the outcome.

Acute abdomen as initial manifestation of M4 - acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.

Visceral involvement in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) seldom precedes hematological manifestation. We report on a patient with M4 - ANLL presenting with acute abdomen without any evidence of blood disorder. Laparotomy revealed only ileal wall oedema. Postoperative clinical deterioration led to a second-look operation combined with intraoperative endoscopy. Biopsied tissues were diffusely infiltrated by blasts characterised as HLA-DR (+), PGM1 (50% +), MPO (50% +) and CD 34 (-). Bone marrow reconfirmed these findings and showed positivity for CD4 (44%), CD11b (50%), CD11c (42%), CD13 (33%), CD34 (32%), and CD56 (54%). Chemotherapy achieved a complete but short remission. Relapse occurred 7 months later. Immediately after consolidation chemotherapy the profoundly immunosuppressed patient passed away after a lower respiratory tract infection. We discuss the contrast between histology and short disease duration, the unusual presentation and the bad prognosis, and attempt to correlate the clinical course with the coexpression of markers.

Effect of antineoplastic agents on non proliferating yeast cells: a possible membrane effect of doxorubicin.

The effect of antineoplastic agents on non proliferating cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Non growing populations were obtained by suspending cells in saline or H2O and survival rates were determined after exposing the cells to various commercially available agents for five hours. The only agent found to be effective was Doxorubicin which reduced survival rates to less than 5% (p < 0.001). The action of this drug could be detected in only 4 minutes and was not concentration dependent, therefore it is probable that DNA damage is caused mostly by oxygen free drug radicals. Furthermore, our observations strongly imply the damage of cellular membranes is an alternative reason for cell death, with phosphatidyl-inositol being the most probable candidate target for the drug.

Effect of calcium channel blockers on the action of various antitumour agents in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The cytotoxic effects of a 22 h treatment with four antineoplastic agents in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2366 were investigated. Two agents, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), were effective in decreasing the colony-forming ability of yeast cells. Following examination under the light microscope, the effect of doxorubicin appeared to be, at least partially, due to killing of yeast cells whereas the effect of 5-FU was rather due to changes in cell structure leading to abnormal bud formation. For amsacrine (AMSA) and melphalan, cytotoxicity was totally absent. In the presence of diltiazem the above described effects were not significantly changed. When verapamil was added in the culture medium the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin and 5-FU did not change. However, following treatment with AMSA in combination with verapamil, cell survival was significantly decreased whereas the presence of verapamil increased the yeast survival which was observed after melphalan treatment.

Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to antineoplastic agents.

The effect of several antineoplastic agents on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains has been investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum cytotoxic concentration (MCC) and median effective concentration (EC50) were determined to identify strains with inherent sensitivity to the agents tested. Several strains proved to be sensitive to the antimetabolites 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate as well as to doxorubicin and cis-platine. On the contrary m-amsacrine, procarbazine, vinca alcaloids, melphalan and hydroxyurea were inactive at concentrations up to 400 micrograms ml-1. The strain ATCC 2366, the most relatively sensitive to the agents tested, was used for studying the effect of treatment duration and of drug concentration on cell survival. Methotrexate and cis-platine, which according to MIC and MCC tests seemed ineffective for this strain, reduced survival significantly after 6 h of treatment. A correlation of the shape of the survival curves with MIC and MCC values was attempted.