Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2018-2019 end of year summary: respiration.

This paper reviews 28 papers or commentaries published in Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing in 2018 and 2019, within the field of respiration. Papers were published covering endotracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring, ventilation and respiratory rate monitoring, lung mechanics monitoring, gas exchange monitoring, CO2 monitoring, lung imaging, and technologies and strategies for ventilation management.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2017 end of year summary: respiration.

This paper reviews 32 papers or commentaries published in Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing in 2016, within the field of respiration. Papers were published covering airway management, ventilation and respiratory rate monitoring, lung mechanics and gas exchange monitoring, in vitro monitoring of lung mechanics, CO2 monitoring, and respiratory and metabolic monitoring techniques.

Influence of population size, density, and proximity to talent clubs on the likelihood of becoming elite youth athlete.

Previous studies have found significant differences in the likelihood of becoming an elite athlete depending on community population sizes and densities, an effect known as the place of early development, or birthplace effect. However, the results have not been consistent between sports or European countries. As both professional and voluntary clubs are vital to the talent development systems in Europe, the proximity of an athlete's place of early development to the location of talent clubs may be an important predictor of the likelihood of becoming an elite athlete. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the place of early development effect and the effect of proximity to talent clubs. The samples included elite youth league athletes (579 football and 311 handball) and national youth athletes (85 football and 80 handball) and a comparison group of 147 221 football and 26 290 handball youth athletes. Odds ratios showed variations in the optimal community size and density across sports. Geospatial analyses of proximity to talent clubs highlighted a trend indicating that most national and elite youth league athletes in both sports had their place of early development in their sport near a talent club. The results suggest that proximity is an important predictor in the development of expertise across sports, but future studies need to clarify if proximity is important in other countries and sports.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2016 end of year summary: respiration.

This paper reviews 16 papers or commentaries published in Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing in 2016, within the field of respiration. Papers were published covering peri- and post-operative monitoring of respiratory rate, perioperative monitoring of CO2, modeling of oxygen gas exchange, and techniques for respiratory monitoring.

Typical patterns of expiratory flow and carbon dioxide in mechanically ventilated patients with spontaneous breathing.

Incomplete expiration of tidal volume can lead to dynamic hyperinflation and auto-PEEP. Methods are available for assessing these, but are not appropriate for patients with respiratory muscle activity, as occurs in pressure support. Information may exist in expiratory flow and carbon dioxide measurements, which, when taken together, may help characterize dynamic hyperinflation. This paper postulates such patterns and investigates whether these can be seen systematically in data. Two variables are proposed summarizing the number of incomplete expirations quantified as a lack of return to zero flow in expiration (IncExp), and the end tidal CO2 variability (varETCO2), over 20 breaths. Using these variables, three patterns of ventilation are postulated: (a) few incomplete expirations (IncExp < 2) and small varETCO2; (b) a variable number of incomplete expirations (2 ≤ IncExp ≤ 18) and large varETCO2; and (c) a large number of incomplete expirations (IncExp > 18) and small varETCO2. IncExp and varETCO2 were calculated from data describing respiratory flow and CO2 signals in 11 patients mechanically ventilated at 5 levels of pressure support. Data analysis showed that the three patterns presented systematically in the data, with periods of IncExp < 2 or IncExp > 18 having significantly lower variability in end-tidal CO2 than periods with 2 ≤ IncExp ≤ 18 (p < 0.05). It was also shown that sudden change in IncExp from either IncExp < 2 or IncExp > 18 to 2 ≤ IncExp ≤ 18 results in significant, rapid, change in the variability of end-tidal CO2 p < 0.05. This study illustrates that systematic patterns of expiratory flow and end-tidal CO2 are present in patients in supported mechanical ventilation, and that changes between these patterns can be identified. Further studies are required to see if these patterns characterize dynamic hyperinflation. If so, then their combination may provide a useful addition to understanding the patient at the bedside.

Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on pulmonary shunt and dynamic compliance during abdominal surgery.

BACKGROUND: General anaesthesia decreases pulmonary compliance and increases pulmonary shunt due to the development of atelectasis. The presence of capnoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery may further decrease functional residual capacity, promoting an increased amount of atelectasis compared with laparotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in both types of surgery and to investigate whether higher levels of PEEP should be used during laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 52 patients undergoing either laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery. Three levels of PEEP were applied in random order: (1) zero (ZEEP), (2) 5 cmH2O and (3) 10 cmH2O. Pulmonary shunt and ventilation/perfusion mismatch were assessed by the automatic lung parameter estimator system. RESULTS: Pulmonary shunt was similar in both groups. However, in laparotomy, a PEEP of 5 cmH2O significantly decreased shunt when compared with ZEEP (12 vs 6%; P=0.001), with additional PEEP having no further effect. In laparoscopic surgery, a significant reduction in shunt (13 vs 6%; P=0.001) was obtained only at a PEEP of 10 cmH2O. Although laparoscopic surgery was associated with a lower pulmonary compliance, increasing levels of PEEP were able to ameliorate it in both groups. CONCLUSION: Both surgeries have similar negative effects on pulmonary shunt, while the presence of capnoperitoneum reduced only the pulmonary compliance. It appears that a more aggressive PEEP level is required to reduce shunt and to maximize compliance in case of laparoscopic surgery.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2015 end of year summary: respiration.

This paper reviews 17 papers or commentaries published in Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing in 2015, within the field of respiration. Papers were published covering monitoring and training of breathing, monitoring of gas exchange, hypoxemia and acid-base, and CO2 monitoring.

The role of community in the development of elite handball and football players in Denmark.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the place of early development in a sample of Danish male elite and youth handball and football players. The sample included 366 handball and football players from the elite Danish league in the season 2011-2012 and a comparison sample of youth players under the age of 12 from 2003, including 147,221 football and 26,290 handball players. Odds ratio analysis showed that both population size and density significantly affected the proportional number of youth players per community and the odds of athletes reaching an elite level in football and handball. The odds for youth player registrations in both handball and football increased in rural in contrast to urban communities. However, elite football players primarily came from communities of high density (>1000 pop./km(2)), whereas elite handball players primarily came from less densely populated communities (100 to <250 pop./km(2)). Furthermore, there seems to be a relation between representation of elite and talent clubs in different communities and the probability of becoming an elite player in both sports. The limited number of elite players in both sports from rural communities may be due to national talent development strategies that do not incorporate development support for clubs in rural areas. Additionally, the results of the study clearly suggest the need to include the youth player population to advance research findings in birthplace effect studies.

A mathematical model approach quantifying patients' response to changes in mechanical ventilation: Evaluation in pressure support.

PURPOSE: This article evaluates how mathematical models of gas exchange, blood acid-base status, chemical respiratory drive, and muscle function can describe the respiratory response of spontaneously breathing patients to different levels of pressure support. METHODS: The models were evaluated with data from 12 patients ventilated in pressure support ventilation. Models were tuned with clinical data (arterial blood gas measurement, ventilation, and respiratory gas fractions of O2 and CO2) to describe each patient at the clinical level of pressure support. Patients were ventilated up to 5 different pressure support levels, for 15 minutes at each level to achieve steady-state conditions. Model-simulated values of respiratory frequency (fR), arterial pH (pHa), and end-tidal CO2 (FeCO2) were compared to measured values at each pressure support level. RESULTS: Model simulations compared well to measured data with Bland-Altman bias and limits of agreement of fR of 0.7 ± 2.2 per minute, pHa of -0.0007 ± 0.019, and FeCO2 of -0.001 ± 0.003. CONCLUSION: The models describe patients' fR, pHa, and FeCO2 response to changes in pressure support with low bias and narrow limits of agreement.

A mathematical model approach quantifying patients' response to changes in mechanical ventilation: evaluation in volume support.

This paper presents a mathematical model-approach to describe and quantify patient-response to changes in ventilator support. The approach accounts for changes in metabolism (V̇O2, V̇CO2) and serial dead space (VD), and integrates six physiological models of: pulmonary gas-exchange; acid-base chemistry of blood, and cerebrospinal fluid; chemoreflex respiratory-drive; ventilation; and degree of patients' respiratory muscle-response. The approach was evaluated with data from 12 patients on volume support ventilation mode. The models were tuned to baseline measurements of respiratory gases, ventilation, arterial acid-base status, and metabolism. Clinical measurements and model simulated values were compared at five ventilator support levels. The models were shown to adequately describe data in all patients (χ(2), p > 0.2) accounting for changes in V̇CO2, VD and inadequate respiratory muscle-response. F-ratio tests showed that this approach provides a significantly better (p < 0.001) description of measured data than: (a) a similar model omitting the degree of respiratory muscle-response; and (b) a model of constant alveolar ventilation. The approach may help predict patients' response to changes in ventilator support at the bedside.

A model of perfusion of the healthy human lung.

This study presents a model that simulates the pulmonary capillary perfusion. The model describes the lungs as divided into horizontal layers and includes: capillary geometry; capillary wall elasticity; pressure at the pulmonary artery; blood viscosity; the effect of the chest wall; the change in lung height and hydrostatic effects of the lung tissue and of the blood during breathing. The model simulates pulsatile blood perfusion with an increasing blood distribution down the lungs, in agreement with previous experimental studies. Moreover the model is in agreement with experimentally measured total capillary perfusion, total capillary volume, total capillary surface area and transition time of red blood cells passing through the pulmonary capillary network. The presented model is the first to be validated against the mentioned experimental data and to model the link between airway pressure, lung volume and perfusion.

A model of ventilation of the healthy human lung.

This paper presents a model of the lung mechanics which simulates the pulmonary alveolar ventilation. The model includes aspects of: the alveolar geometry; pressure due to the chest wall; pressure due to surface tension determined by surfactant activity; pressure due to lung tissue elasticity; and pressure due to the hydrostatic effects of the lung tissue and blood. The cross-sectional area of the lungs in the supine position derived from computed tomography is used to construct a horizontally layered model, which simulates heterogeneous ventilation distribution from the non-dependent to the dependent layers of the lungs. The model is in agreement with experimentally measured hysteresis of the pressure-volume curve of the lungs, static lung compliance, changes in lung depth during breathing and density distributions at total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV). In the dependent layers of the lungs, alveolar collapse may occur at RV, depending on the assumptions concerning lung tissue elasticity at very low alveolar volumes. The model simulations showed that ventilation increased with depth in the lungs, although not as pronounced as observed experimentally. The model simulates alveolar ventilation including all of the mentioned components of the respiratory system and to be validated against all the above mentioned experimental data.