Non-communicable diseases in the Western Area District, Sierra Leone, before and during the Ebola outbreak.

Setting: Twenty-seven peripheral health units, five secondary hospitals and one tertiary hospital, Western Area District, Sierra Leone. Objectives: To describe reporting systems, monthly attendances and facility-based patterns of six non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the pre-Ebola and Ebola virus disease outbreak periods. Design: A cross-sectional study using programme data. Results: Reporting was 89% complete on the six selected NCDs pre-Ebola and 86% during the Ebola outbreak (P < 0.01). Overall, marked declining trends in NCDs were reported during the Ebola period, with a monthly mean of 342 cases pre-Ebola and 164 during the Ebola outbreak. The monthly mean number of cases per disease in the pre-Ebola and Ebola outbreak periods was respectively 228 vs. 85 for hypertension, 43 vs. 27 for cardiovascular diseases, 36 vs. 18 for diabetes and 25 vs. 29 for peptic ulcer disease; this last condition increased during the outbreak. There were higher proportions of NCDs among females during the Ebola outbreak compared with the pre-Ebola period. Except for peptic ulcer disease, the number of patients with NCDs declined by 25% in peripheral health units, 91% in the secondary hospitals and 70% in the tertiary hospital between the pre-Ebola and the Ebola outbreak periods. Conclusion: Comprehensive reporting of NCDs was suboptimal, and declined during the Ebola epidemic. There were decreases in reported attendances for NCDs between the pre-Ebola and the Ebola outbreak periods, which were even more marked in the hospitals. This study has important policy implications.

Contexte : Vingt-sept unités de soins de santé primaires, cinq hôpitaux secondaires et un hôpital tertiaire, District de la Zone Ouest, Sierra Leone.Objectifs : Décrire les systèmes de reportage, la fréquentation mensuelle et les profils dans les structures de santé de six maladies non transmissibles (MNT) dans les périodes avant Ebola et après Ebola.Schéma : Etude transversale basée sur les données du programme.Résultats : Pour les six MNT sélectionnées, les rapports ont été complets à 89% avant Ebola et à 86% pendant la période Ebola (P < 0,01). Dans l'ensemble, il y a eu des tendances marquées au déclin des MNT signalées dans la période Ebola, avec un nombre mensuel moyen de 342 avant Ebola et 164 pendant Ebola. Le nombre mensuel moyen de MNT signalées pendant les périodes avant Ebola et pendant Ebola a été le suivant : hypertension 228 contre 85 ; maladies cardiovasculaires 43 contre 27 ; diabète 36 contre 18 ; et ulcère gastrique, qui a augmenté de 25 à 29. Des proportions plus élevées de femmes ont eu des MNT pendant Ebola comparé à la période avant Ebola. Le nombre de patients avec MNT (sauf l'ulcère gastrique) a décliné de 25% dans les unités de soins de santé primaires, de 91% dans les hôpitaux secondaires et de 70% dans des hôpitaux tertiaires entre les périodes avant Ebola et pendant Ebola.Conclusion : Le reportage complet des MNT a été sous-optimal et a diminué pendant l'épidémie d'Ebola. Il y a eu dans les hôpitaux des déclins marqués dans la fréquentation rapportée en matière de MNT entre les périodes avant Ebola et pendant Ebola. Il y a des implications majeures de cette étude en termes de politique, qui incluent le renforcement du diagnostic et de la prise en charge des MNT dans des unités de santé périphériques et des rapports réguliers et complets des MNT à tous les niveaux du système de soins de santé.

Marco de referencia: Veintisiete unidades primarias de atención de salud, cinco hospitales de atención secundaria y un hospital de atención terciaria en el Distrito de la Región Occidental de Sierra Leona.Objetivos: Describir los sistemas de notificación, las consultas mensuales y la distribución de seis enfermedades no transmisibles (NCD) en los establecimientos sanitarios durante el período del brote epidémico de enfermedad del Ébola y antes del mismo.Método: Fue este un estudio transversal a partir de los datos programáticos.Resultados: La notificación con respecto a las seis NCD escogidas fue completa en un 89% antes del brote epidémico y en 86% durante el período del brote por el virus del Ébola (P < 0,01). En general, se observó una notable tendencia decreciente de las NCD durante el período del brote, con cifras mensuales promedio de 342 antes del brote y 164 durante el mismo. Las cifras mensuales promedio del período anterior al brote del Ébola y durante el mismo fueron las siguientes: hipertensión arterial 228 contra 85; enfermedades cardiovasculares 43 contra 27; diabetes 36 contra 18; y la úlcera péptica aumentó de 25 a 29. Una mayor proporción de mujeres presentó NCD durante el brote por el virus del Ébola, en comparación con el período anterior. El número de casos de NCD (con la excepción de la enfermedad ulcerosa péptica) disminuyó un 25% en las unidades de atención primaria, un 91% en los establecimientos de atención secundaria y un 70% en los hospitales terciarios entre el período anterior al brote epidémico de Ébola y durante el mismo.Conclusión: La exhaustividad de la notificación de las NCD era deficiente y disminuyó durante la epidemia de la enfermedad del Ébola. Se observó también una disminución de las consultas notificadas por NCD entre el período anterior al brote y durante el mismo y la disminución fue más notable en los hospitales. De los resultados del presente estudio se deducen importantes implicaciones en materia de políticas, como la necesidad de fortalecer el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las NCD en las unidades periféricas de atención de salud y de fomentar la notificación periódica y exhaustiva de NCD en todos los niveles del sistema de atención de salud.

Ebola and community health worker services in Kenema District, Sierra Leone: please mind the gap!

Setting: All community health workers (CHWs) in rural Kenema District, Sierra Leone. Objective: CHW programmes provide basic health services to fill gaps in human health resources. We compared trends in the reporting and management of childhood malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia by CHWs before, during and after the Ebola outbreak (2014-2016). Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study using programme data. Results: CHW reporting increased from 59% pre-outbreak to 95% during the outbreak (P < 0.001), and was sustained at 98% post-outbreak. CHWs stopped using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria mid-outbreak, and their use had not resumed post-outbreak. The average monthly number of presumptive treatments for malaria increased from 2931 pre-outbreak to 5013 during and 5331 post-outbreak (P < 0.001). The average number of monthly treatments for diarrhoea and pneumonia decreased from respectively 1063 and 511 pre-outbreak to 547 and 352 during the outbreak (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04). Post-outbreak pneumonia treatments increased (mean 1126 compared to pre-outbreak, P = 0.003), and treatments for diarrhoea returned to pre-outbreak levels (P = 0.2). Conclusion: The CHW programme demonstrated vulnerability, but also resilience, during and in the early period after the Ebola outbreak. Investment in CHWs is required to strengthen the health care system, as they can cover pre-existing gaps in facility-based health care and those created by outbreaks.

Contexte : Tous les travailleurs de santé communautaires (CHW) du district rural de Kenema, Sierra Leone.Objectif : Les programmes de CHW offrent des services de santé de base pour combler les lacunes en matière de ressources humaines en santé. Nous avons comparé les tendances du signalement et de prise en charge du paludisme, de la diarrhée et de la pneumonie de l'enfant par les CHW avant, pendant et après l'épidémie d'Ebola (2014­2016).Schéma : Étude rétrospective transversale sur les données du programme.Résultats : Les rapports des CHW ont augmenté de 59% avant l'épidémie à 95% pendant la flambée (P < 0,001), et se sont maintenus à 98% après la flambée. Les CHW ont arrêté d'utiliser les tests de diagnostic rapide pour le paludisme au milieu de l'épidémie et leur utilisation n'a pas repris après la flambée. Le nombre moyen mensuel de traitements présomptifs du paludisme a augmenté de 2931 avant la flambée à 5013 pendant et 5331 après la flambée (P < 0,001). Le nombre moyen mensuel de traitements pour diarrhée et pneumonie a diminué de 1063 et 511 avant la flambée à 547 et 352, respectivement, pendant la flambée (P = 0,01 et P = 0,04). Après la flambée, les traitements de pneumonie ont augmenté (moyenne 1126 comparée à avant la flambée, P = 0,003), tout comme les traitements pour diarrhée, qui sont remontés aux niveaux précédant la flambée (P = 0,2).Conclusion : Le programme des CHW a démontré sa vulnérabilité, mais également sa résilience, pendant la flambée et dans la brève période qui a suivi l'épidémie d'Ebola. Le renforcement du système de santé devrait investir dans les CHW car ils peuvent combler les lacunes pré-existantes des soins de santé basés dans les structures et celles créées par les épidémies.

Marco de referencia: Todos los agentes de salud comunitarios (CHW) en la zona rural del distrito de Kenema, en Sierra Leona.Objetivo: Los programas de CHWs prestan servicios básicos que compensan las deficiencias de recursos humanos del sistema de salud. En el estudio se comparó la evolución de las notificaciones y el tratamiento del paludismo, la diarrea y la neumonía en los niños por parte de los CHW, antes del brote epidémico de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola; durante y después del mismo (2014­2016).Método: Fue este un estudio transversal retrospectivo a partir de los datos del programa.Resultado: La notificación por parte de los CHW aumentó de 59% antes del brote a 95% durante el mismo (P < 0,001) y permaneció estable en 98% después de la epidemia. Los CHW interrumpieron la utilización de las pruebas diagnósticas rápidas del paludismo en la mitad del período epidémico y no reanudaron su aplicación al finalizar el brote. El número promedio de tratamientos de presunción por paludismo aumentó de 2931 antes del brote a 5013 durante el mismo y 5331 después de la epidemia (P < 0,001). El promedio de tratamientos mensuales por diarrea y neumonía disminuyó respectivamente de 1063 y 511 antes del brote a 547 y 352 durante el mismo (P = 0,01 y P = 0,04). Después de la epidemia del Ébola los tratamientos por neumonía aumentaron (promedio 1126; P = 0,003) con respecto al período anterior al brote y los tratamientos por diarrea recuperaron las cifras anteriores a la epidemia (P = 0,2).Conclusión: Se puso de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad del programa de CHW a la epidemia del Ébola, pero se demostró también su capacidad de recuperación durante el brote y el período inicial después de la epidemia. El fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud debe comportar una inversión en los CHW, que pueden cubrir las lagunas prexistentes de la atención institucional de la salud y las deficiencias que aparecen como resultado de las epidemias.

Mobile health clinic for the medical management of clinical sequelae experienced by survivors of the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone, West Africa.

An Ebola survivor Mobile Health Clinic (MHC) was established to implement lasting changes in communities it operates by providing effective and efficient mobile healthcare. After months of development, the MHC solution was operationalised in February 2015, aiming to provide integrated primary healthcare services to address the medical and psychosocial needs of Ebola virus (EBOV) survivors living in areas with low medical coverage. A total of 910 medical consultations for 246 EBOV survivors were performed between 7 February 2015 and 10 June 2016. Females constituted 148 (60.2%) whereas 6 (2.44%) were children under 5 years of age. The most common complication was arthralgia 185 (75.2%), headache 98 (39.8%), abdominal pain 167 (68%), myalgia 182 (73.6%), and skin disease 25 (10%). Moreover, ocular problems were diagnosed in 84 survivors (34.1%), and 60 (24.4%) suffered from psycho-trauma. Some 16 female survivors (10.8%) had miscarriages, whereas 9 (6.1%) had complaints of oligomenorrhea, 7 (4.7%) loss of sexual desire and 4 (2.7%) premature menopause. Five male survivors (5.1%) reported erectile dysfunction and 10 (10.2%) loss of sexual desire. At least 221 (89.8%) reported more than one complication. Other infectious diseases were common and no clinically relevant differences were established from haematology and clinical biochemistry laboratory results. Ibuprofen, paracetamol, anti-malaria drugs and antibiotics were the most common medicines prescribed. Community participation is critical for implantation of MHC among EBOV survivors. Future strategies for the mobile clinics should include enrolment of survivors at discharge from treatment centres with close monitoring follow-up activities, to address sequelae as they arise, to reduce the potential for development of long-term disabilities.

Assessment of the severity of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone in 2014-2015.

The current Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa is unprecedented in scale, and Sierra Leone is the most severely affected country. The case fatality risk (CFR) and hospitalization fatality risk (HFR) were used to characterize the severity of infections in confirmed and probable EVD cases in Sierra Leone. Proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate factors associated with the risk of death in EVD cases. In total, there were 17 318 EVD cases reported in Sierra Leone from 23 May 2014 to 31 January 2015. Of the probable and confirmed EVD cases with a reported final outcome, a total of 2536 deaths and 886 recoveries were reported. CFR and HFR estimates were 74·2% [95% credibility interval (CrI) 72·6-75·5] and 68·9% (95% CrI 66·2-71·6), respectively. Risks of death were higher in the youngest (0-4 years) and oldest (⩾60 years) age groups, and in the calendar month of October 2014. Sex and occupational status did not significantly affect the mortality of EVD. The CFR and HFR estimates of EVD were very high in Sierra Leone.

Evaluation of a point-of-care blood test for identification of Ebola virus disease at Ebola holding units, Western Area, Sierra Leone, January to February 2015.

Current Ebola virus disease (EVD) diagnosis relies on reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) technology, requiring skilled laboratory personnel and technical infrastructure. Lack of laboratory diagnostic capacity has led to diagnostic delays in the current West African EVD outbreak of 2014 and 2015, compromising outbreak control. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the EVD bedside rapid diagnostic antigen test (RDT) developed by the United Kingdom's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, compared with Ebola virus RT-PCR, in an operational setting for EVD diagnosis of suspected cases admitted to Ebola holding units in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. From 22 January to 16 February 2015, 138 participants were enrolled. EVD prevalence was 11.5%. All EVD cases were identified by a positive RDT with a test line score of 6 or more, giving a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.2-100). The corresponding specificity was high (96.6%, 95% CI: 91.3-99.1). The positive and negative predictive values for the population prevalence were 79.0% (95% CI: 54.4-93.8) and 100% (95% CI: 96.7-100), respectively. These results, if confirmed in a larger study, suggest that this RDT could be used as a 'rule-out' screening test for EVD to improve rapid case identification and resource allocation.

Knowledge; perception of risk and attitude of Sierra Leone military personnel towards colleagues with HIV/AIDS

The aim of this survey was to gain an insight into the level of knowledge; perception of risk and attitude of Sierra Leone Military personnel towards colleagues with HIV/AIDS. Four hundred and fifty (450) randomly selected male and female military personnel including officers and other ranks from six battalions were surveyed with a standard questionnaire. Results of this survey demonstrated a relatively low level of knowledge of HIV and AIDS amongst the survey population as evidenced by the 40and 52of participants stating that HIV is transmitted by mosquito bites and from public toilets respectively. An equally low perception of risk of the infection was demonstrated from the responses of the participants about attitude towards HIV infected colleagues. Three-fourth of the participants indicated that nobody should be informed if a colleague is HIV positive; with almost all the participants expressing their willingness to take care of an HIV/AIDS person in their household. Varying responses obtained demonstrate the necessity for scaling-up HIV education within the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces. More resources most therefore be made available to the HIV/AIDS office of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces so that HIV education activities can be extended to all the brigades and battalions