Community social vulnerability and the 340B Drug Pricing Program: Evaluating predictors of 340B participation among critical access hospital.

PURPOSE: The federal 340B Drug Pricing Program allows eligible hospitals, including critical access hospitals (CAHs), to obtain outpatient drugs at a discounted rate. CAHs likely benefit from 340B participation because they are often under-resourced and serve at-risk patient populations. The objective of this study was to understand predictors of 340B program participation among CAHs, and how participation varies with community-level social vulnerability. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study design to assess the relationship between 340B participation in 2019 and community vulnerability status using 2018 data from the CDC's social vulnerability index (SVI) among acute care CAHs. Analyses used linear probability models adjusted for hospital-level characteristics. FINDINGS: In bivariate analyses, CAHs participating in the 340B program had lower overall social vulnerability scores, relative to nonparticipating, eligible, and ineligible CAHs, respectively (43.8 vs. 48.7 vs. 64.7, p < 0.10). In adjusted regression models, greater community vulnerability rankings due to socioeconomic status (-0.129, p < 0.05) and minority status and language (-0.092, p < 0.05) were associated with decreased 340B participation. Higher hospital operating margin was associated with increased 340B participation (0.163, p < 0.05). Although the number of for-profit CAHs ineligible for 340B was small, they had the highest community-level social vulnerability score and lowest hospital operating margin on average. CONCLUSIONS: CAHs located in areas of high community vulnerability are less likely to participate in the 340B program. Some vulnerable patient populations served by CAHs may be excluded from 340B program benefits.

Hospital Finances During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Washington State Hospitals.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a broad array of challenges for hospitals. These challenges included restrictions on admissions and procedures, patient surges, rising costs of labor and supplies, and a disparate impact on already disadvantaged populations. Many of these intersecting challenges put pressure on hospitals' finances. There was concern that financial pressure would be particularly acute for hospitals serving vulnerable populations, including safety-net (SN) hospitals and critical access hospitals (CAHs). Using data from hospitals in Washington State, we examined changes in operating margins for SN hospitals, CAHs, and other acute care hospitals in 2020 and 2021. We found that the operating margins for all three categories of hospitals fell from 2019 to 2020, with SNs and CAHs sustaining the largest declines. During 2021, operating margins improved for all three hospital categories but SN operating margins still remained negative. Both changes in revenue and changes in expenses contributed to observed changes in operating margins. Our study is one of the first to describe how the financial effects of COVID-19 differed for SNs, CAHs, and other acute care hospitals over the first two years of the pandemic. Our results highlight the continuing financial vulnerability of SNs and demonstrate how the factors that contribute to profitability can shift over time.

Rural-urban disparities in the incidence and treatment intensity of periodontal disease among patients with diabetes.

Background: Diabetes threatens population health, especially in rural areas. Diabetes and periodontal diseases have a bidirectional relationship. A persistence of rural-urban disparities in diabetes may indicate a rural-urban difference in periodontal disease among patients with diabetes; however, the evidence is lacking. This retrospective study aimed to investigate rural-urban discrepancies in the incidence and treatment intensity of periodontal disease among patients who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the year 2010. Methods: The present study was a retrospective cohort design, with two study samples: patients with type 2 diabetes and those who were further diagnosed with periodontal disease. The data sources included the 2010 Diabetes Mellitus Health Database at the patient level, the National Geographic Information Standardization Platform and the Department of Statistics, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan at the township level. Two dependent variables were a time-to-event outcome for periodontal disease among patients with type 2 diabetes and the treatment intensity measured for patients who were further diagnosed with periodontal disease. The key independent variables are two dummy variables, representing rural and suburban areas, with urban areas as the reference group. The Cox and Poisson regression models were applied for analyses. Results: Of 68,365 qualified patients, 49% of them had periodontal disease within 10 years after patients were diagnosed with diabetes. Compared to urban patients with diabetes, rural (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.91) and suburban patients (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83-0.89) had a lower incidence of periodontal disease. Among 33,612 patients with periodontal disease, rural patients received less treatment intensity of dental care (Rural: RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.92; suburban: RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.92, 0.95) than urban patients. Conclusion: Given the underutilization of dental care among rural patients with diabetes, a low incidence of periodontal disease indicates potentially undiagnosed periodontal disease, and low treatment intensity signals potentially unmet dental needs. Our findings provide a potential explanation for the persistence of rural-urban disparities in poor diabetes outcomes. Policy interventions to enhance the likelihood of identifying periodontal disease at the early stage for proper treatment would ease the burden of diabetes care and narrow rural-urban discrepancies in diabetes outcomes.

Analysis of Injuries in Competitive Equestrian Events.

OBJECTIVE: Current equestrian sport-related acute injury research is sparse. The goal of this study is to explore equestrian injury types stratified by population and equestrian discipline. DESIGN: Injury reports from the US Equestrian Federation (USEF) were compiled from 2015 through 2019, and the prevalence of different injury types within the main equestrian disciplines was calculated. SETTING: Retrospective cohort study from USEF accident report data. PARTICIPANTS: Athletes competing at USEF sanctioned equestrian events. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Equestrian participant's age group, sex, and equestrian event type are the independent variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of types of injuries in equestrian events stratified by equestrian discipline, age (junior vs senior), and sex. RESULTS: Three thousand four hundred thirty equestrian athletes injured from 441 816 total athlete exposures during 2015 to 2019 were analyzed showing an injury rate between 0.06% and 1.18% for each discipline with an overall injury rate of 780 per 100 000 athlete exposures. Hunter-jumper and 3-day eventing had the highest injury rates. Head injuries and bone injuries were the most common types. No clinically significant differences in injury rates were observed between males and females or junior and senior equestrian athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Equestrian sports have an overall injury rate of 780 per 100 000 athlete exposures in the certified competition setting. Hunter-jumper and 3-day eventing have an increased injury rate compared with nonjumping disciplines. These data should help equestrian event clinicians to anticipate the types of injuries and help outpatient clinicians make preparticipation medical eligibility and assist in counseling for equestrian sports.

The Impact of Palliative Medicine Consultation on Readmission Rates and Hospital Costs in Surgical Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation.

BACKGROUND: The use of palliative care for critically ill hospitalized patients has expanded. However, it is still underutilized in surgical specialties. Postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation have increased mortality and costs of care; outcomes from adding palliative care services to this population have been poorly investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of palliative medicine consultation on readmission rates and hospitalization costs in postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. METHODS: The Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for adults (> 18 years) between the years 2010 and 2014 who underwent a major operation (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project [HCUP] data element ORPROC = 1), required mechanical ventilation for ≥ 96 consecutive hours (ICD-9-CM V46.1), and survived until discharge. Among these, patients who received a palliative medicine consultation during hospitalization were identified using the ICD-9-CM diagnosis code V66.7. RESULTS: Of 53,450 included patients, 3.4% received a palliative care consultation. Compared to patients who did not receive a palliative care consultation, patients who did receive a consultation had a lower readmission rate (14.8% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001) and lower average cost of hospitalization during the initial admission ($109,007 vs. $124,218, p < 0.001), findings that persisted after multivariable logistic regression. CONCLUSION: Utilization of palliative care in surgical patients remains low. Palliative care consultation in postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation was associated with lower cost and rate of readmission. Further work is needed to integrate palliative care services with surgical care.

Relationship between political partisanship and COVID-19 deaths: future implications for public health.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has impacted more than 200 countries. However in the USA, the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been politically polarized. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between political partisanship and COVID-19 deaths rates in the USA. METHODS: This study used longitudinal county-level panel data, segmented into 10 30-day time periods, consisting of all counties in the USA, from 22 January 2020 to 5 December 2020. The outcome measure is the total number of COVID-19 deaths per 30-day period. The key explanatory variable is county political partisanship, dichotomized as Democratic or Republican. The analysis used a ZINB regression. RESULTS: When compared with Republican counties, COVID-19 death rates in Democratic counties were significantly higher (IRRs ranged from 2.0 to 18.3, P < 0.001) in Time 1-Time 5, but in Time 9-Time10, were significantly lower (IRRs ranged from 0.43 to 0.69, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The reversed trend in COVID-19 death rates between Democratic and Republican counties was influenced by the political polarized response to the pandemic. The findings support the necessity of evidence-based public health leadership and management in maneuvering the USA out of the current COVID-19 pandemic and prepare for future public health crises.

Percutaneous Cholecystostomy Tubes versus Medical Management for Acute Cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Cholecystitis is one of the most common infections treated surgically in the United States. Surgical risk is prohibitive in some patients, leading to alternative therapeutic strategies, including medical management (antibiotics) with or without percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Readmission Database (NRD), we performed a retrospective review to compare medically managed patients with or without PCT placement by evaluating 60-day readmissions rates, health care costs, and hospital length of stay (LOS). Both study groups were matched using the Elixhauser comorbidity index, age, and sex. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed using STATA. RESULTS: 776,766 patients were included in the analysis. The population receiving PCT placement was on average 16 years older (69.9 vs 53.6 years; P < .01), less likely to be female (40.7% vs 59.3%; P < .01), and had almost twice as many comorbidities (3.36 vs 1.81; P < .01) compared to the population receiving medical management. After matching our data to account for these incongruities, PCT patients were still 10.4 times more likely to be readmitted, had a 11.6% increase in the cost of care, and a 37.6% increase in LOS compared to those managed medically. DISCUSSION: Percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement for cholecystitis is associated with a higher readmission rate, increased charges, and increased LOS compared to antibiotic therapy alone, even after correcting for age, sex, and comorbidities.

Variations in Cost and Readmissions of Patients in the Bundled Payment for Care Improvement Bundle for Hip and Femur Fractures.

INTRODUCTION: The Bundled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) for hip and femur fractures is an effort to increase care quality and coordination at a lower cost. The bundle includes all patients undergoing an operative fixation of a hip or femur fracture (diagnosis-related group codes 480-482). This study aims to investigate variance in the hospital cost and readmission rates for patients within the bundle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a retrospective analysis of patients ≥65 years old billed for a diagnosis-related groups 480-482 in 2016 in the National Readmission Database. Cost of admission and length of stay were compared between patients who were or were not readmitted. Regression analysis was used to determine the effects of the primary procedure code and anatomical location of the femur fracture on costs, length of stay, and readmission rates. RESULTS: Patients that were readmitted within 90 days of surgery had an increased cost on initial admission ($18,427 vs $16,844, P < .0001), and an increased length of stay (6.24 vs 5.42, P < .0001). When stratified by procedure, patients varied in readmission rates (20.7% vs 19.6% vs 21.8%), initial cost, and length of stay (LOS). Stratification by anatomical location also led to variation in readmission rates (20.7% vs 18.3% vs 20.6%), initial cost, and LOS. CONCLUSION: The hip and femur fractures bundle includes a great number of procedures with variance in cost, readmission, and length of stay. This amount of variation may make standardization difficult and may put the hospital at potential financial risk.

Financial Performance of Hospitals in the Appalachian Region Under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program.

PURPOSE: The Hospital Readmission and Reduction Program (HRRP) and Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program (HVBP) propose to improve quality of patient care by either rewarding or penalizing hospitals through inpatient reimbursement. This study analyzes the effect of both programs on profitability of hospitals located in the Appalachian Region (AR) compared to hospitals in Appalachian states and the rest of the United States. METHODS: This study used a retrospective research design with a longitudinal unbalanced panel dataset from 2008 to 2015. Hospitals participating in both HRRP and HVBP during this time frame were included in the study. A difference-in-difference model with hospital-level fixed effects, controlling for hospital and market characteristics, was used to determine effects of both programs on profitability of hospitals serving the AR, Appalachian states, and the rest of the United States. FINDINGS: After implementation of HRRP and HVBP, only hospitals located in Appalachian states experienced a significant decrease in operating margin (-1.14 percentage points). Unexpectedly, during the same time period, total margin increased significantly for hospitals located in the AR (1.05 percentage points), Appalachian states (1.71 percentage points), and the rest of the United States (2.38 percentage points). CONCLUSIONS: HRRP and HVBP financially incentivize hospitals to focus efforts on improving patient care. The programs may not have the anticipated results. Increases in total margin for all hospitals during the study period indicate access to nonpatient revenues, offsetting the financial penalties from both programs. This revenue source may undermine the program's objectives of delivering value and achieving quality outcomes.

Deaths From COVID-19 in Rural, Micropolitan, and Metropolitan Areas: A County-Level Comparison.

PURPOSE: The United States has experienced a surge of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Regardless of the overall increase in the prevalence and mortality, there are disagreements about the consequences of exposure and contracting COVID-19, specifically in rural areas. Rural areas have inherent characteristics that increase their vulnerability to contracting COVID-19. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in death rates from COVID-19 between urban and rural areas in the United States. METHODS: This study used county-level data. The data set consisted of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths along with county-level demographics. The sample consisted of all counties in the 50 US states and DC. Counties were designated as metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to estimate county-level number of deaths conditional on contracting COVID-19. The study focused on COVID-19-related mortality from February 10, 2020, to June 12, 2020. FINDINGS: After controlling for county-level characteristics, the rate of COVID-19 deaths was 70.3% (P < .001) for rural counties and 53.4% (P < .001) for micropolitan counties, both significantly lower than metropolitan counties during the study time period. CONCLUSION: Over time, rural geography and social isolation may not provide sustainable protection to rural residents from the pandemic. The slow progression provides rural areas additional time and opportunity to learn from the experiences in urban areas that were most affected. Rural areas need to be proactive and develop prevention strategies and response plans to manage and control the spread of COVID-19.

ROTEM as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients With Severe Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage, especially when complicated by coagulopathy, is the most preventable cause of death in trauma patients. We hypothesized that assessing hemostatic function using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) or conventional coagulation tests can predict the risk of mortality in patients with severe trauma indicated by an injury severity score greater than 15. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed trauma patients with an injury severity score >15 who were admitted to the emergency department between November 2015 and August 2017 in a single level I trauma center. Patients with available ROTEM and conventional coagulation data (partial thromboplastin time [PTT], prothrombin time [PT], and international normalized ratio) were included in the study cohort. Logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between coagulation status and mortality. RESULTS: The study cohort included 301 patients with an average age of 47 y, and 75% of the patients were males. Mortality was 23% (n = 68). Significant predictors of mortality included abnormal APTEM (thromboelastometry (TEM) assay in which fibrinolysis is inhibited by aprotinin (AP) in the reagent) parameters, specifically a low APTEM alpha angle, a high APTEM clot formation time, and a high APTEM clotting time. In addition, an abnormal international normalized ratio significantly predicted mortality, whereas abnormal PT and PTT did not. CONCLUSIONS: A low APTEM alpha angle, an elevated APTEM clot formation time, and a high APTEM clotting time significantly predicted mortality, whereas abnormal PT and PTT did not appear to be associated with increased mortality in this patient population. Viscoelastic testing such as ROTEM appears to have indications in the management and stabilization of trauma patients.

The Effect of the Magnet Recognition Signal on Hospital Financial Performance.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the Magnet Recognition (MR) signal on hospital financial performance. MR is a quality designation granted by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). Growing evidence shows that MR hospitals are associated with various interrelated positive outcomes that have been theorized to affect hospital financial performance.In this study, which covered the period from 2000 to 2010, we applied a pre-post research design using a longitudinal, unbalanced panel of MR hospitals and hospitals that had never received MR designation located in urban areas in the United States. We obtained data for this analysis from Medicare's Hospital Cost Report Information System, the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database, the Health Resources & Services Administration's Area Resource File, and the ANCC website. Propensity score matching was used to construct the final study sample. We then applied a difference-in-difference model with hospital fixed effects to the matched hospital sample to test the effect of the MR signal, while controlling for both hospital and market characteristics.According to signaling theory, signals aim to reduce the imbalance of information between two parties, such as patients and providers. The MR signal was found to have a significant positive effect on hospital financial performance. These findings support claims in the literature that the nonfinancial benefits resulting from MR lead to improved financial performance. In the current healthcare environment in which reimbursement is increasingly tied to delivery of quality care, healthcare executives may be encouraged to pursue MR to help hospitals maintain their financial viability while improving quality of care.

Retrospective analysis of alcohol testing in trauma team activation patients at a Canadian tertiary trauma centre.

OBJECTIVES: Although alcohol screening is an essential requirement of level I trauma centre accreditation, actual rates of compliance with mandatory alcohol testing in trauma patients are seldom reported. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing in patients requiring trauma team activation (TTA) for whom blood alcohol testing was mandatory, and to elucidate patient-level, injury-level and system-level factors associated with BAC testing. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary trauma centre in Halifax, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: 2306 trauma patients who required activation of the trauma team. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome was the rate of BAC testing among TTA patients. Trends in BAC testing over time and across patient and injury characteristics were described. Multivariable logistic regression examined patient-level, injury-level and system-level factors associated with testing. RESULTS: Overall, 61% of TTA patients received BAC testing despite existence of a mandatory testing protocol. Rates of BAC testing rose steadily over the study period from 33% in 2000 to 85% in 2010. Testing varied considerably across patient-level, injury-level and system-level characteristics. Key factors associated with testing were male gender, younger age, lower Injury Severity Score, scene Glasgow Coma Scale score <9, direct transport to hospital and presentation between midnight and 09:00 hours, or on the weekend. CONCLUSIONS: At this tertiary trauma centre with a policy of empirical alcohol testing for TTA patients, BAC testing rates varied significantly over the 11-year study period and distinct factors were associated with alcohol testing in TTA patients.

Morning report decreases length of stay in trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Modern acute care surgery (ACS) programs depend on consistent patient hand-offs to facilitate care, as most programs have transitioned to shift-based coverage. We sought to determine the impact of implementing a morning report (MR) model on patient outcomes in the trauma service of a tertiary care center. METHODS: The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Division of ACS implemented MR in October 2015, which consists of the trauma day team, the emergency general surgery day team, and a combined night float team. This study queried the UAMS Trauma Registry and the Arkansas Clinical Data Repository for all patients meeting the National Trauma Data Bank inclusion criteria from January 1, 2011 to April 30, 2018. Bivariate frequency statistics and generalized linear model were run using STATA V.14.2. RESULTS: A total of 11 253 patients (pre-MR, n=6556; post-MR, n=4697) were analyzed in this study. The generalized linear model indicates that implementation of MR resulted in a significant decrease in length of stay (LOS) in trauma patients. DISCUSSION: This study describes an approach to improving patient outcomes in a trauma surgery service of a tertiary care center. The data show how an MR session can allow for patients to get out of the hospital faster; however, broader implications of these sessions have yet to be studied. Further work is needed to describe the decisions being made that allow for a decreased LOS, what dynamics exist between the attendings and the residents in these sessions, and if these sessions can show some of the same benefits in other surgical services. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, Care Management.

Four Needles in a Haystack: A Systematic Review Assessing Quality of Health Care in Specialty Practice by Practice Type.

Specialists, who represent 60% of physicians in the United States, are consolidating into large group practices, but the degree to which group practice type facilitates the delivery of high quality of care in specialty settings is unknown. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify the impact of group practice type on the quality of care among specialty providers. The search resulted in 913 articles, of which only 4 met inclusion criteria. Studies were of moderate methodological quality. From the limited evidence available, we hypothesize that solo specialists deliver care that is inferior to their peers in group practice, whether measured by patient satisfaction ratings or adherence to guideline-based care. However, solo specialists and multidisciplinary group specialists may be more likely to provide some specialized services compared with their single-specialty group peers. Insufficient research compares quality of care among different practice types in specialty care. Substantial opportunity exists to test the degree to which organizational factors, whether size of practice or the mix of providers within the practice, influence quality of care in specialty settings.

Understanding factors associated with readmission disparities among Delta region, Delta state, and other hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the factors that potentially account for differences in 30-day readmission ratios for pneumonia, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among hospitals in the Mississippi Delta region (Delta region), in Delta states excluding the hospitals in the Delta region (Delta state), and in the rest of the nation (other). STUDY DESIGN: A longitudinal study design from 2013 to 2016. METHODS: The dependent variables were 30-day readmission ratios for AMI, heart failure, and pneumonia. The key independent variables were 2 hospital categories (Delta region and Delta state), year dummies for 2014-2016, and the interactions among hospital categories and year dummies. We conducted 2 analyses for each study condition by estimating models with and without controls for hospital and community characteristics. RESULTS: The coefficients for the interactions among year dummies and Delta region and Delta state hospitals were negative, indicating that Delta region and Delta state hospitals had higher reductions in readmissions than did other hospitals. After controlling for hospital and community characteristics, the disparities in readmissions for pneumonia and AMI in 2013 between Delta region and other hospitals were weakened (P >.05). Major teaching hospitals and percentage of black population were positively associated with readmissions for all study conditions (P values ranged from <.05 to <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in 30-day readmissions for the study conditions among Delta region, Delta state, and other hospitals were reduced under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). However, community factors that are not currently used for adjustment in HRRP were associated with readmission ratios. Revisions of HRRP should consider including community characteristics in risk adjustment models.

Influence of a province-wide trauma system on motor vehicle collision process of trauma care and mortality: a 10-year follow-up evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Mature trauma systems have evolved to respond to major injury-related morbidity and mortality. Studies of mature trauma systems have demonstrated improved survival, especially among seriously injured patients. From 1995 to 1998, a province-wide trauma system was implemented in the province of Nova Scotia. We measured the proportion of admissions to a tertiary level trauma centre and the proportion of in-hospital deaths among patients with major injuries as a result of a motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) before and 10 years after provincial trauma systems implementation. METHODS: We identified major trauma patients aged 16 years and older using external cause of injury codes pertaining to MVCs from population-based hospital claims and vital statistics data. Individuals who were admitted to hospital or died because of an MVC in 1993-1994 (preimplementation), were compared with those who were admitted to hospital or died in 2003-2005 (postimplementation). RESULTS: Postimplementation, there was a 9% increase in the number of seriously injured individuals with primary admission to tertiary care. This increase was statistically significant even after we adjusted for age, head injury and municipality of residence (relative risk [RR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.14). The probability of dying while in hospital in the postimplementation period decreased by 29% (adjusted RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32-1.03), although this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Individuals seriously injured in MVCs in Nova Scotia were more likely to be admitted to tertiary care after the implementation of a province-wide trauma system. There was a trend toward decreased mortality, but further research is warranted to confirm the survival benefit and delineate other contributing factors.

Major traumatic brain injury: time to tertiary care and the impact of a clinical guideline.

BACKGROUND: To achieve timely access to neurosurgical care for adult brain-injured patients, a Head Injury Guideline was implemented to standardize the emergency department evaluation and management of these patients. The goals of this study were to document times to neurosurgical care for patients with major traumatic brain injury presenting to a Provincial emergency room and to evaluate the impact of the Guideline on timely access to definitive care. METHODS: Data collected prospectively and stored in the Nova Scotia Trauma Registry and the Emergency Health Services Communications and Dispatch Centre database were analyzed for patients with head abbreviated injury scale score (AIS)≥3. Several time intervals from admission to a referring hospital to access to tertiary care were determined and compared for the periods before Guideline implementation, the implementation phase, and after implementation. RESULTS: The time elapsed before calling the provincial Trauma Hotline was not statistically different after Guideline implementation for polytrauma patients with head AIS score≥3 (n=388) during the preimplementation (2:34±1:30; median time in hours:minutes±standard deviation), implementation (1:57±2:33) and postimplementation (2:31±4:06) periods. Subset group analysis of patients with isolated head injuries AIS score≥3 (n=99) also showed no statistical difference in preimplementation (1:51±1:42), implementation (2:49±2:57), and postimplementation (3:10±4:58) times. Examination of overall time to tertiary care revealed prolonged transfer times and that the Guideline had no influence on either the polytrauma patient group (preimplementation, 4:20±1:41; implementation, 5:01±2:55; and postimplementation 4:46±4:22) or those with isolated head injuries (preimplementation, 3:39±1:47; implementation, 6:06±4:00; and postimplementation, 5:13±4:59). CONCLUSIONS: Times to tertiary care are lengthy and have not been reduced by Guideline implementation. System changes beyond Guideline implementation are required to provide timely access to tertiary care for patients with major head injury.

The epidemiology of surgically treated acute subdural and epidural hematomas in patients with head injuries: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to review the population-based epidemiology of surgically treated post-traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) and/or subdural hematomas (SDHs) among patients who presented to the single neurosurgical centre in Nova Scotia. METHODS: We included all patients aged 16 years or older who presented to the tertiary care hospital with acute post-traumatic EDHs and/or SDHs between May 23, 1996, and May 22, 2005, and who were surgically treated. We generated an initial cohort from the provincial trauma registry and reviewed a total of 152 charts for possible inclusion; 70 (46%) patients met the study criteria. We performed a blinded, explicit chart review using a standardized data collection form, and we generated descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the patients who had surgery, 34 (49%) presented with SDHs, 23 (33%) presented with EDHs and 13 (19%) presented with both conditions. The median age was 45 years, and 80% of the cohort was male. The major mechanisms of injury were falls (51%), motor vehicle collisions (30%) and assault (11%). More than half (61%) of patients were transferred from referring hospitals while the remainder (39%) arrived directly without an intermediate facility. There were 18 postoperative deaths (26%). Forty-four of 70 patients (63%) had associated good outcomes at 6 months (Glasgow Outcome Scale). CONCLUSION: Acute post-traumatic EDHs and/or SDHs are relatively rare (0.83/100,000 population per annum) and are generally associated with good outcomes. Death was more likely among older, more severely injured patients and among those who required surgery for SDH rather than EDH.