ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown the association between smoking and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, but long-term effects of waterpipe use are unknown and more research is needed. The present study explored the relationship between cigarette and waterpipe smoking and heart disease in southern Iran. This cross-sectional study used the basic data of Bandar Kong Cohort Study (KCS) to test the relationship between waterpipe and cigarette smoking and heart disease in 4009 participants. A multivariate binary logistic regression was run to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in SPSS 16. The prevalence of tobacco use was 27.7%. The frequency of heart disease was 7.8% percent (n = 314). There was a statistically significant relationship between cigarette smoking and heart disease (OR = 2.11; 95% CI:1.41-3.16). In individuals who only smoked waterpipes, the odds of heart disease were higher than non-smokers. This relationship was not statistically significant (OR = 1.25, 95% CI:0.88-1.78). In those who smoked cigarettes and waterpipe at the same time, the odds of heart disease were higher than non-smokers (OR = 1.42; 95% C.I: 0.83-2.59). In general, cigarette smoking increases the risk of heart disease. As well as waterpipe smoking was associated with heart disease. However, this association was not statistically significant. More studies are required to validate the association between waterpipe smoking and heart disease. Also, waterpipe use was more common at younger ages, and on the other hand, heart diseases have a long latent period, so in this age group, high incidence of heart disease is likely in the future.
ABSTRACT
Background: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer and the second most common cause of death in the world. It is also one of the most common cancers leading to mortality in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer and its affecting factors in the south of Iran (Hormozgan province). Methods: In this study, all patients with gastric cancer (119 patients) that were diagnosed and registered during 2008 to 2013 in Hormozgan province, were studied. All patients were followed to the end of 2015. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to draw survival curves and to determine the effective factors on the survival rate of surveyed patients. Moreover, Log-rank test was used to evaluate whether or not survival curves for different groups are statistically equivalent (p<0.05). Results: The mean age of the study population was 58.9±14.91, and most of them were men (72.3% (86 persons)). After diagnosis, the survival rates for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 62.2%, 49.4%, 43.7%, 39.7%, and 38% respectively. Survival in men were lower than women, but according to log-rank test this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.325). Also patients with advanced stage cancer had significantly lower survival in comparison to individuals with early stage disease (p<0.001). Based on multiple Cox proportional hazards model, job status of the patients and stage of cancer were effective factors on patients' survival. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, the survival rate was decreased over time after diagnosis. Stage of a cancer at the time of diagnosis is the most important factor affecting the survival of surveyed patients. This shows that there is a crucial need to diagnos the gastric cancer in early stages.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the time trends of stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancer during the past decade in Iran. METHODS: Cancer incidence data for the years 2001 to 2010 were obtained from the cancer registration of the Ministry of Health. All incidence rates were directly age-standardized to the world standard population. In order to identified significant changes in time trends, we performed a joinpoint analysis. The annual percent change (APC) for each segment of the trends was then calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of stomach cancer increased from 4.18 and 2.41 per 100,000 population in men and women, respectively, in 2001 to 17.06 (APC, 16.7%) and 8.85 (APC, 16.2%) per 100,000 population in 2010 for men and women, respectively. The corresponding values for colorectal cancer were 2.12 and 2.00 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively, in 2001 and 11.28 (APC, 20.0%) and 10.33 (APC, 20.0%) per 100,000 in 2010. For esophageal cancer, the corresponding increase was from 3.25 and 2.10 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 5.57 (APC, 12.0%) and 5.62 (APC, 11.2%) per 100,000 population among men and women, respectively. The incidence increased most rapidly for stomach cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 23.7% for men; APC, 18.6% for women), for colorectal cancer in men aged 60 to 69 years (APC, 24.2%) and in women aged 50 to 59 years (APC, 25.1%), and for esophageal cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 17.5% for men; APC,15.3% for women) over the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gastrointestinal cancer significantly increased during the past decade. Therefore, monitoring the trends of cancer incidence can assist efforts for cancer prevention and control.
