Extraction and determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater using new mode of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidified deep eutectic solvent followed by GFAAS.

BACKGROUND: In this research, a new extraction method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and the solidification of deep eutectic solvent has been developed for the determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables prior to their analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). In this method, a green solvent consisting of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors are in the range of 114-172. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.02-200 µg kg-1 and limits of detection are in the range of 0.01-0.03 µg kg-1 . Repeatability and reproducibility of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 0.80 µg kg-1 of Hg and 0.20 µg kg-1 of Pb and Cd in analyzed samples were in the range of 2.3-4.1% and 3.7-6.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A new deep eutectic solvent consists of two parts: 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol in a molar ratio of 1:2. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also assessed by determining the concentration of the studied metal ions in a polluted farmland soil standard reference material. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dataset on photodegradation of tetracycline antibiotic with zinc stannate nanoflower in aqueous solution - Application of response surface methodology.

Removal of pharmaceutical ingredients such as tetracycline from aqueous solution has a great importance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic in the presence of a triode semiconductor oxide as well as modeling of the photocatalytic degradation process in order to determine optimal condition Zinc stannate nanoflower (Zn2SnO4) was synthesized by hydrothermal process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model and optimize four key independent variables, including photocatalyst dosage, initial concentration of tetracycline antibiotic (TC) as model pollutant, pH and reaction time of photocatalytic degradation. The proposed quadratic model was in accordance with the experimental results with a correlation coefficient of 98%. The obtained optimal experimental conditions for the photodegradation process were the following: zinc stannate (ZTO) dosage=300 mg L-1, initial concentration of TC= 10 mg L-1, reaction time= 100 min and pH=4.5. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted degradation efficiency was 95.45% determined by the proposed model. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the optimization procedure, the confirmatory experiment was carried out under the optimal conditions and the degradation efficiency of 93.54% was observed, which closely agreed with the predicted value.

Data for interventional role of training in changing the knowledge and attitudes of urban mothers towards food hygiene (A case study of Ravansar Township, Kermanshah, Iran).

Food hygiene is a key factor at the time of production and distribution of food. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the interventional role of education in changing the knowledge and attitudes of urbane mothers towards food hygiene in Ravansar Township, Kermanshah, Iran. To this end, 200 mothers residing in Ravansar Township were selected using simple random sampling. First, the subjects' knowledge and attitudes towards food hygiene were evaluated in a pre-test, and then after holding some educational sessions, the two variables were assessed again in a post-test using a researcher-made questionnaire with 72 questions. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and content validity, respectively. After completing the questionnaires, the results were analyzed using the SPSS Statistical Software Version 21.0, and all tests were at the significance level of α = 0.05. The results of the present study demonstrated that education did not promote the knowledge of married subjects, those whose use of media was average or high, and the ones aged above 20 (P > 0.05). However, the results showed that education had significant effects on other factors (P < 0.05). In addition, it was revealed that the effects of education on promoting the attitudes of individuals aged above 60, those holding academic education and married subjects were not significant (P > 0.05), Nevertheless, the results revealed that education had significant effects on other factors (P < 0.05). Hence, it can be concluded that education plays a major role in changing the knowledge and attitudes of urban mothers towards food hygiene.

Data for factor analysis of hydro-geochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in Iranshahr.

Detection of Hydrogeological and Hydro-geochemical changes affecting the quality of aquifer water is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the factor analysis of the hydro-geochemical characteristics of Iranshahr underground water resources during the warm and cool seasons. In this study, 248 samples (two-time repetitions) of ground water resources were provided at first by cluster-random sampling method during 2017 in the villages of Iranshahr city. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, concentrations of 13 important chemical parameters in those samples were determined according to o water and wastewater standard methods. The results of this study indicated that 45.45% and 55.55% of the correlation between parameters has had a significant decrease and increase, respectively with the transition from warm seasons to cold seasons. According to the factor analysis method, three factors of land hydro-geochemical processes, supplying resources by surface water and sewage as well as human activities have been identified as influential on the chemical composition of these resources.The highest growth rate of 0.37 was observed between phosphate and nitrate ions while the lowest trend of - 0.33 was seen between fluoride ion and calcium as well as chloride ions. Also, a significant increase in the correlation between magnesium ion and nitrate ion from warm seasons to cold seasons indicates the high seasonal impact of the relation between these two parameters.