Effect of altered hormonal states on transaminase enzymes in the genital ograns of immature female rhesus monkeys.

The effect of ovariectomy and hormone replacement therapy on the activity of glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of immature female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ) was studied. In intact animals, GOT activity was high in the oviduct, whereas GPT was high in the vagina. Ovariectomy suppressed the activity of both the enzymes in varying degrees. Estradiol dipropionate stimulated GOT in the oviduct and uterus, whereas progesterone increased this enzyme in the uterus. Sequential treatment of two hormones inhibited the enzymes in all the tissues; GPT was, however, stimulated in the fundus region of the uterus. The study demonstrated the presence of transaminase enzymes in the genital tissues of rhesus monkey and their differential response to sex steroids.

The effect of estrogen on the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The effect of 3 doses of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) on tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied under both light and electron microscopy. EDP at a dose of 5 microgram/kg/day for 6 consecutive days changed differentiation of the epithelial cells into clear and dark cell-types; ciliogenesis, formation of some ciliary buds and even a few cilia were also induced in some clear cells throughout the tubal epithelium. Development of ciliated cells with fully formed ciliary apparatus was accelerated at 10 microgram/kg dosage. The secretory granules (SG) appeared at this dose in some nonciliated cells of the infundibular and ampullary but not the isthmic segments of the tube; some of the infundibular secretory cells, so formed, exhibited even a tendency to secrete. Nearly complete maturation of the tubal epithelium occurred at 20 microgram/kg dose; further signs of secretory activity appeared in all tubal segments. The results indicated that--(i) Nearly complete transformation of tubal epithelium of the immature animal into one of the adult type could be achieved by EDP at a dose not less than 20 microgram/kg under the present conditions. (ii) The response of undifferentiated cells to EDP differed depending upon the location of the epithelial cell within the tube and nature of the cell-type to be formed. (iii) The mode of tubal secretion in this infra-human species was probably apocrine.

The effect of estrogen withdrawal upon the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) pretreated with estradiol dipropionate.

Immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were injected intramuscuarly with estradiol dipropionate (EDP) at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg/day for 6 consecutive days and were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 8, 13 and 25 following withdrawal of the hormone. The overall height of the epithelia of the infundibulum (Inf), Ampulla (A) and the isthmus (I) and the status of the ciliated and nonciliated cells therein were observed under both the light and electron microscope and those observed at days 3-25 were assessed against those found at day 1 (control values). The EDP effect on the above aspects did not change significantly at days 3 and 8 as compared to day 1. There was rather an increase of such hormone impact on day 8: this is indicated by the observations that the nonciliated cells possessed a greater number of secretory granules (SG) and/or exhibited signs of higher secretory activity. Possible neosynthesis of SG was discerned on days 3 and 8. Retrogressive changes in the epithelia and in the constituent cell types were evident on day 13; those advanced further on day 25 but to different degrees in different segments. The changes were highest in Inf following by those in A and I in order: Inf greater than A greater than I. All these changes were described and commented upon. It is concluded that the estrogen impact lasts for some time after its withdrawal and that the nature of subsequent regression of any epithelium and of the celltype therein is determined by their position within the tube.

Contribution of lactic acid by the ampullary and isthmic parts of rabbit Fallopian tube under altered hormonal conditions.

The capability of the ampullary and isthmic parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube to contribute lactic acid (LA) to the tubal lumen was examined using an in vitro method of study. In addition concomitant study was also made using the uterus. It was found that in the oestrous rabbit, the isthmus contributed LA at a higher rate than that of the ampulla; the uterine contribution was minimal. Ovariectomy reduced while exogenous oestrogen enhanced this ability in all the three tissues. In mated post-ovulatory rabbits the contributory efficiency of either tubal part changed and appeared to exhibit a peak value in the presence of the ovum; the uterus showed no such changes. This is discussed in relation to the ability of the egg to secure its energy source until it attained morula/the pre-blastocyst stage.

Differential response of the ampullary and isthmic cells to ovariectomy and estrogen treatment: an ultrastructural study.

Ultrastructural response of the ciliated and secretory cells from the ampullary and isthmic parts of the oviduct was studied in ovariectomized and ovariectomized plus estradiol dipropionate (EDP) treated rabbits. Ovariectomy did not significantly affect the cilia in the ampullary epithelium; degenerative signs, however, appeared overtly in the isthmic cilia. EDP at either 1 microng/kg or 5 microng/kg doses raised the number of cilia/cell in either tubal segments. For comparable change isthmic cilia seemed to require a higher dosage of the estrogen. Ovariectomy led to the depletion of the secretory granules (SGs) from the secretory cells of either tubal segments. EDP at both the doses induced formation of the SGs; this is more remarkable in the isthmic cells. Merocrine type of secretions were observed from the secretory cells of either segments but only at the high dose of estrogen. The findings are discussed in the backdrop of current knowledge.

Incorporation of [U-C14-A1-glucose in vitro by different parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube and uterus.

The in vitro incorporation of E1U-C14]-glucose by ampullary and isthmic segments of the Fallopian tube and the uterus was determined in the intact (estrous), ovariectomized, ovariectomized plus estrogen and ovarietcomized plus estrogen + progesterone treated rabbit. In the intact animal the ampulla incorporated glucose at a faster rate than the isthmus; uterine uptake is minimal. Ovariectomy reduced the rate of incorporation below normal values in all the tissues. EDP (estradiol dipropionate) administered to ovariectomized rabbit increased the incorporation rate. Progesterone antagonized the EDP-induced uptake. The relative rate and pattern of incorporation by the three tissues were, however, determined by the dosage of estrogen and the estrogen/progesterone ratio.

Antifertility effect of an intrafallopian tubal copper device.

PIP: Antifertility effects of an intrafallopian tubal copper device were studied in the rabbit. A thin piece of copper wire inserted unilaterally into the Fallopian tube caused 100% inhibition of implantation in the adjacent uterine horn with no observed adverse effect on the implantation in the contralateral horn. Preliminary data suggest that the ova in the treated side remain unfertilized and undergo degeneration and/or are transported quickly under the influence of the copper device. These results are discussed.^ieng

Estrogenic & antiestrogenic properties of e-492, a nonsteroidal compound.

PIP: Estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties of E-492, a nonsteroidal compound (3 methyl-4'-(beta-pyrrolidinoethoxy)-2,3-diphenyl propiophenone), were assessed on the basis of ponderal, histologic, and biochemical changes in the uterus, cervix, and vagina of ovariectomized adult rats. This compound was studied at its maximum effective antifertility dose of .5 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Estradiol-dipropionate (EDP) was studied at a dose of 1 mcg/kg/day. EDP and E-492 separately increased the weight of the 3 genital accessories. Histologically, the organs presented an infantile condition characterized by atrophic epithelia, compact stroma, and inconspicious muscularis. The uterine glycogen level was raised by EDP (p less than .01) but not by E-492 (p greater than .05). Lactic acid was increased by EDP in all target organs (p less than .01) and by E-492 in the uterus and vagina (p less than .01) but not in the cervix (p greater than .05). Combined therapy antagonized EDP effect at the uterine and vaginal levels. Alkaline phosphatase was enhanced by EDP in all 3 organs (p less than .01) and by E-492 in the uterus and cervix (p less than .01). These results indicate that on the basis of changes in weight and histology, E-492 has both estrogenic and antiestrogenic potencies.^ieng

Studies on the ultrastructure of the Fallopian tube: Part II. Changes in the secretory cells of the rabbit Fallopian tube during ovum transport.

PIP: The ultrastructural changes that occur in the ciliated cells of the tubal epithelium of the adult rabbit during ovum transport were previously reported. In this communication, the changes that occur in the secretory cells of the tube under identical conditions are described. Estrous and pregnant rabbits were used. 14-70 hours postcoitum the size and shape of the microvilli of the ampullar cells differed from the isthmic ones. The prominence of the microvilli was roughly correlated with the possible arrival of the ovum in any part of the tube. The secretory granules in the cells of the ampulla were more electron dense than those in the isthmus. With the progress of the post ovulatory period, the secretory granules changed in nature and location. During the postovulatory period, the secretory process in both parts of the tube indicate a "merocrine" type of secretion. A cilium was occasionally present in the luminal epithelium of a secretory cell. Hybrid cells may arise when a cell malfunctions while receiving a set of messages from the nucleus at the time appropriate for cell differentiation.^ieng

Studies on physiology & biochemistry of female genital tract: response of cervix & vagina of albino rats to estrogen, progesterone & testosterone.

PIP: Albino rats were administered estogen, progesterone or testosterone daily for 4 weeks to study the ponderal, histological and biochemical changes in the cervix and vagina. Stimulatory signs with increased weight, thickening, keratinization and desquamation of the surface epithelium, loose and edematous stroma were descernible in both the organs under estrogen and to some extent under testosterone but not under progesterone. However, progesterone altered the squamous type of vaginal epithelium to thin layers made up of uboidal cells. Metaplastic changes characterized the epithelium under testosterone. Biochemical responses of the 2 organs were often found to differ quantitatively and qualitatively under identical hormonal conditions. Statistical analyses are presented. Possible reasons for the differential behavior of the 2 organs are discussed.^ieng

Studies on physiology & biochemistry of female genital tract: response of uterus, cervix & vagina of albino rats to cis- & trans-clomiphene in the presence or absence of estrogen.

PIP: Ponderal, histological, and biochemical responses of the uterus, cervix, and vagina to the same dosage (1.5 mg/kg/day for 5 days) of cis- and transclomiphene were studied in ovariectomized rats in the presence and absence of estradiol-dipropionate (EDP). The results indicated that both isomers were estrogenic-cum-antiestrogenic. However, the estrogenicity of the 2 compounds relative to each other and to EDP and their antiestrogenic potentials varied depending on the parameter and the nature of the target organ under consideration. Both isomers increased the weight of the uterus, cervix, and vagina. Histologically both stimulated the organs broadly but not in details like EDP. Biochemically, transclomiphene raised the 2 estrogen-dependent parameters (lactic acid and alkaline phosphatase) of the cervix more effeciently. Statistical analyses are presented. It is suggested that ehse anomalies might arise from the nugnces in the ponderal, histological, and biochemical behavior of the 3 target organs and the variation in the threshold doses of the compounds necessary to elicit a certain biochemical response from a particular organ. The inherent ability of a compound to evoke a change over and above that which could be imputed to its estrogenicity/antiestrogenicity might also complicate the issue.^ieng