ABSTRACT
Graves' disease (GD) and myasthenia gravis (MG) are common autoimmune diseases but their coexistence is very rare. They may possibly share the same pathogenetic mechanisms. Recent research has shown the involvement of autoantibodies, lymphocytes, cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of MG and GD. It appears that Th17 cell lineage is involved in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and seems to be key factor in the development of both MG and GD.A 34-year-old male with seronegative myasthenia gravis due to thymic hyperplasia was diagnosed with also GD and opthalmopathy. Several diagnostic and therapeutic issues regarding the relevant literature are discussed.
Subject(s)
Graves Disease/complications , Myasthenia Gravis/complications , Thymus Hyperplasia/complications , Adult , Graves Disease/drug therapy , Graves Disease/immunology , Histocytochemistry , Humans , Male , Myasthenia Gravis/drug therapy , Myasthenia Gravis/immunology , Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Somatostatin/therapeutic use , Thymectomy , Thymus Hyperplasia/drug therapy , Thymus Hyperplasia/immunology , Thyroid Hormones/bloodABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Obesity has recently become an epidemic. The rise in the childhood obesity incidence is of particular concern. High density caloric diets and physical inactivity are the main causes of obesity. Besides that, is generally accepted that obesity has a genetic predisposition, unchanged for the past few decades. The environment via endocrine disruptors might be, at least partly responsible for the globally obesity epidemic. Endocrine disruptors are environmental chemical compounds produced by human activity that either mimic or block hormonal actions. Many of them modulate lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, contributing to obesity initiation and/or exacerbation. Here we provide an overview of the role of the environmental chemical obesogens and their impact on obesity. KEYWORDS: obesity, endocrine disruptors, epigenetics.
Subject(s)
Endocrine Disruptors/pharmacology , Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Obesity/chemically induced , Animals , Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects , Female , Humans , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Models, Biological , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/genetics , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/geneticsABSTRACT
We present a case of primary endometriosis of the umbilicus in a young nulliparous patient without any previous history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. Primary endometriosis of extra pelvic sites is unusual while umbilical endometriosis is quite rare. Diagnosis of endometriosis is difficult to obtain and sometimes diagnoses can be false-positive or false-negative. Some imaging procedures can be done to rule out other disorders but it is difficult to differentiate them from endometriosis. A definite diagnosis can only be established by histopathological examination. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is the staining of choice. Conservative surgical excision of the lesion and drugs such as oral contraceptives and gonadotropin releasing analogues are the first-line treatment.
